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自考英语(二)第15单元课文B及讲解

发布者: anro | 发布时间: 2009-12-17 20:06| 查看数: 2110| 评论数: 0|

Changes to Come in U. S. Education

The biggest "infrastructure" challenge for the United States in the next decade is not the billions needed for railroads, highways and energy. It is the American school system, from kindergarten through the Ph.D. program and the postgraduate education of adults. And it requires something far scarcer than money - thinking and risk-taking.

The challenge is not one of expansion. On the contrary, the rapid growth in enrollment over the last 40 years has come to an end. By 1978, more than 93 percent of young people entering the labor force had at least an eighth-grade education. So even if the birthrate should rise somewhat, little expansion is possible for elementary and secondary school enrollments.

The last 30 years social upheaval are also over. Busing will continue to be highly emotional issue in a good many large cities. And there will still be efforts to use schools to bring women into fields such as engineering that have traditionally been considered "male." But this shift has already been accomplished in many fields: half or more of the accounting students in graduate schools of business, for example, are now women. As for most other social issues, the country will no longer try to use schools to bring about social reform. It's becoming increasingly clear to policy makers that schools cannot solve all the problems of the larger community.

Instead, the battle cry for the '90s will be the demand for performance and accountability. For 30 years, employers have been hiring graduates for their degrees rather than their abilities; employment, pay and often even promotion have depended on one's diploma. Now many major employers are beginning to demand more than the completion of school. Some of the major banks, for example, are studying the possibility of entrance examinations that would test the knowledge and abilities of graduates applying for jobs.

Students and parents, too, will demand greater accountability from schools, on all levels. It will be increasingly common to go to law against school districts and colleges for awarding degrees without imparting the skills that are supposed to go along with them. And many young people are already switching to practical "hard" subjects. Caring little about the so-called "youth culture" and the media, they have been shifting from psychology into medicine, from sociology into accounting and from black studies into computer programming.

Demand for education is actually going up, not down. What is going down, and fairly fast, is demand for traditional education in traditional schools.

Indeed, the fastest growing industry in America today may be the continuing professional education of highly schooled adults. Much of it takes place outside the education establishment - through companies, hospitals and government departments that run courses for managerial and professional employees; or through management associations and trade associations. In the meantime, any number of private enterprises are organizing courses, producing training films and tapes and otherwise taking advantage of growth opportunities that universities shy away from.

The demand for continuing education does not take the from that most observers, including this writer, originally expected - namely, "Great Books" classes for adults wanting to learn about the humanities, the arts, the "life of the mind." We face instead a growing demand for advanced professional education: in engineering and medicine, in accounting and journalism, in law and in administration and management.

Yet the adults who come back for such studies also demand what teachers of professional subjects are so rarely able to supply: a humanistic perspective that can integrate advanced professional and technical knowledge into a broader universe of experience and learning. Since these new students also need unconventional hours - evenings, weekends or high-intensity courses that stuff a term's work into two weeks - their demands for learning bring a vague but real threat to the school establishment.

The greatest challenge to education is likely to come from our new opportunities for diversity. We now have the chance to apply the basic findings of psychological, developmental and educational research over the last 100 years: namely, that no one educational method fits all children.

Almost all children are capable of attaining the same standards within a reasonable period of time. All but a few babies, for instance, learn to walk by the age of two and to talk by the age of three, but no two get there quite the same way.

So too at higher levels. Some children learn best by rote, in structured environments with high certainty and strict discipline. Others gain success in the less structured "permissive" atmosphere of a "progressive" school. Some adults learn out of books, some learn by doing, some learn best by listening. Some students need prescribed daily doses of information; others need challenge and a high degree of responsibility for the design of their own work. But for too long, teachers have insisted that there is one best way to teach and learn, even though they have disagreed about what that way is.

A century ago, the greatest majority of Americans lived in communities so small that only one one-room schoolhouse was within walking distance of small children. Then there had to be "one right method" for everybody to learn.

Today the great majority of pupils in the United States (and all developed countries) live in big cities with such density that there can easily be three or four elementary schools - as well as secondary schools within each child's walking or bicycling distance. This enables students and their parents to choose between alternative routes to learning offered by competing schools.

Indeed, competition and choice are already beginning to infiltrate the school system. Private schools and colleges have shown an unusual ability to survive and develop during a period of rising costs and dropping enrollments elsewhere. All this presents, of course, a true threat to the public school establishment. But economics, student needs and our new understanding of how people learn are bound to break the traditional education monopoly just as trucks and airplanes broke the monopoly of the railroads, and computers and "chips" are breaking the telephone monopoly.

In the next 10 or 15 years we will almost certainly see strong pressures to make schools responsible for thinking through what kind of learning methods are appropriate for each child. We sill almost certainly see great pressure, from parents and students alike, for result-focused education and for accountability in meeting objectives set for individual students. The continuing professional education of highly educated adults will become a third tier in addition to undergraduate and professional or graduate work. Above all, attention will shift back to schools and education as the central capital investment and infrastructure of a "knowledge society.

译文:

美国教育将要发生的变化

下一个十年美国所面临的最大的"基础设施"的挑战并不是铁路、公路和能源所需的几十亿美元,而是美国的教育体制,从幼儿园到哲学博士的培养项目,到成人的研究教育。而且它需要的是比金钱更难得的东西--思考和冒险。

这种挑战并不在于推广。相反,近40年来,招生人数的迅速增长已经结束。到1978年,加入劳动大军的93%以上的年轻人至少受过8年教育。因此,即使出生率有所上升,中小学入学人数不可能有大的增长。

过去30年的社会动荡也要结束了。在许多大城市校车接送学生仍将是个极富感情色彩的问题。还需要继续作努力,利用学校让妇女们进入一些传统上被认为是"男性"的领域,诸如工程之类。但这种转换在许多领域已经完成了。例如,现在在商业研究生院半数或半数以上的会计专业的学生都是女性。至于大多数其他的社会问题,国家将不同志利用学校引起社会变革。决策者们越来越清楚地认识到学校不可能解决较大社会范围内的全部问题。

相反,90年代的强烈呼声将是要求工作表现和能够承担责任。30年来,雇主们雇佣毕业生是因为其学历而不是看其能力;职业、薪水、甚至提升一直依赖文凭。现在许多大的雇主已经开始不仅仅注重学历了。例如,一些大银行正在研究进行入行考试的可能性,以此来测试求职者的毕业生的知识和能力。

学生和家长们也将在各个层次对学校的责任提出更高的要求。因为学区和学院只授予学位而不传授必要技术而诉诸于法律的事将越来越普遍。许多年轻人已经开始转向具有实用性的、"过硬的"学科。他们不大关心所谓的"青年文化"和媒介,已经在从心理学转向医学,从社会学转向会计学,从黑人研究转向计算机程序设计,

对教育的要求实际上正在提高,而不是下降。正在下降,而且争剧下降的是传统学校中对传统教育的要求。

实际上,当今美国增长最快的行业可能是对受过不少教育的成年人的继续职业教育。很多这类教育是在教育机构之外进行的--通过公司、医院和政府部门,这些单位为其雇佣的管理人员和专业人员开设课程,或者通过管理协会或行业协会进行。与此同时,或多或少的私人企业也在组织课程,制作用于培训的影片和磁带并且以其他方式利用各种大学避而不用的增长机会。

对继续教育的要求不采用包括本文作者在内的大多数观察者原先所想象的形式--即给想了解的人文学科、艺术以及心智活动的成年人用"大部头书"上课。我们面临的而是对高级职业教育日益增长的要求:在工程与医疗、会计与新闻、法律与行管方面。

然而回来进行这类学习的成年人所要求的东西却是专业课程的老师很少能提供的:一种能把先进的专业技术知识融汇到经验和常识的更广阔的普遍体系中的人文主义的观点。由于这些新学生还需要非常规的时间--晚上、周末或者说把一个学期的任务挤到两周的高强度课程--他们的学习要求给学校的体制带来一种不明确的但又是真正的威胁。

对教育的巨大挑战可能来自于我们在多样性中选择的新机会中。现在我们有机会利用过去100年来心理学、发展和教育等方面研究的基本成果。即没有一种教育方式适合所有的孩子。

在一段合理的时间内,几乎所有的孩子都能达到同样的标准。例如,除了极小数婴儿外,所有的孩子都能在两岁时学会走路,三岁时学会说话,但是没有两个孩子是以同样的方式达到这一标准的。

在较高的层次上也是如此。在非常稳定和严格的纪律构成的环境里,有的孩子是靠死记硬背学习的。有的孩子是在"进步"学校规则不甚严格的"随意"气氛中取得成绩的。有的成年人从书本中学习,有的从实践中学习,有的则靠听就能学得最好。有的学生需要规定每天要获取的一些信息;有的需要挑战,为他们的工作设计出高标准的要求。但是很久以来,教师们一致认为,教与学有一种最佳的方式,尽管他们对那种方式产生了分歧。

一个世纪前,绝大多数美国人所居住的社区是如此之小,以至于小孩步行的范围内只有一间房的校舍。那时只有"一种好方式"供大家学习。

今天,美国绝大多数的孩子生活在人口稠密的大城市里,每个孩子步行或骑车所能到达的范围内不难找到三、四所小学和中学。这使学生以及家长们能够在竞争中的各个学校所提供的不同的学习机会中进行选择。

实际上,竞争和选择已经开始渗透到学校的体制中。私立中学和大学在其他地方学费上涨,入学人数下降的时候展示出了非凡的生存和发展能力。当然所有这一切对公立教育体制构成了真正的威胁。但是经济情况、学生的需要以及我们对人们如何学习的理解肯定会打破传统的教育垄断,就像火车和飞机打破铁路的垄断、计算机和芯片正在打破电话的垄断一样。

在下一个10年或15年里,我们几乎会肯定地看到强大的压力迫使学校负责思考什么样的学习方法适合每一个学生这个问题。我们几乎肯定地看到同样来看学生的和家长们的压力,要求提供注重结果的教育,要求负责让每个学生达到所制定的目标,对受过高层次教育的成年人的继续职业教育将是除本科生以及职业或研究生教育之后的第三种教育。更重要的是,注意力将转回到学校和教育上,把它们看作是"知识社会"的重要的基本投资和基础结构。

课文讲解:

一、单词讲解。

1. on the contrary 相反:I do not admire the man , on the contrary I have a great contempt for him 我不钦佩那个人,相反,我很鄙视他。

2.as for 关于、至于: As for the book, I assure you I will return it to him soon. 至于那本书,我向你保证我很快就会还给他。

3.demand

1)v.要求: The customer loudly demanded for a refund. 那位顾客大声地要求退款。

2) n. 要求: The workers demand for higher wages is reasonable. 工人增加工资的要求是合理的。

4。Integrate v. (使)结合 : We should integrate theory with practice. 我们应该把理论与实践结合起来。

(使)并入: All the department reports should be integrated into one annual statement. 各部门的报告应归并为一个年度报告。

5。 Likely a. 很可能的: What is the most likely tiem to find him in his office? 什么时候最有可能在他办公室里面找到他?

6. . Bound a. 一定的、必定的、准备到。。。。去的 I you go on like this, you are bound to fail. 如果你像这样下去,一定会失败的。

The train is bound for Chongqing. 这列火车使开往重庆的。

7。In addition to 除了。。。。之外。 In addition to his salary, he has a bonus of 80 yuan per month. 除了工资之外,他每月还有80元奖金。

二。课文讲解。

1.And there will still be efforts to use schools to bring women into fields such as engineering that have traditionally been considered male. 还将作出努力利用学校引导妇女进入诸如工程之类的传统上被认为是男性的领域。

1)本句主要结构是There+be+主语。

2)to use school是动词不定式短语,做定语,修饰主语efforts.

3)to bring women into…是动词不定式短语做状语,表示目的。

4)such as 引导的是表示例证的状语,that have traditonally been consideredmale是定语从句,修饰engineering.

5)及物动词consider的宾语后面如果有宾语补足语,不需要像动词regard一样加上介词as, 可直接用名词或者形容词。 例如: She considers herself a superb tennis player. 她自认为是个了不起的网球运动员。

2。It will be increasingly common to go to law against school districts and colleges for awarding degrees without imparting the skills that are supposed to go along with them. 将学区和学院诉诸于法律,指责他们只授予学位而不传授学位所要求的技能,这种现象将越来越普遍。

1)形式主语it 代替真正的主语to go to law….在现代英语中,很少直接用动词不定式短语做主语,而是用it+形容词+动词不定式短语结构。

2)that are supposed to to along with them是定语从句,修饰skills.

3)be supposed to do sth表示“应该做某事” 例如: We are supposed to be there at seven. 我们应该七点钟到达那里。

4)along with 表示“与。。。一起” 例如: The body must be developed along with the mind. 身心必须同时得到发展。

3。So too at higher levels. 在较高层次也是如此。

本句是个省略了成分的倒装结构。 全句应为So is it at higher levels. 如果前面的句子是肯定,后面的倒装句以so开头,表示与前面提到的情况相同,如果前面是否定句,后面用nor 或者neither引导的倒装句。

4。 Some adults learn ouit books, some learn by doing, some learn best by listening. 有些成年人从书本中学习,有的从实践中学习,有的则通过听就能穴道最佳效果。

1)句子中,learn out of 不是在书本之外学习,而是从书本中学习的意思,out of 有“由、从”的意思。例如: He copied a paragraph out of the book. 他从这本书上抄了一段。

2) learn by doing 中的介词by 表示“通过某种方式”

5。 We will almost certainly see great pressure, from parents and students alike, for result-forcused education and for accountability in meeting objectives set for individual students. 我们几乎肯定地会看到同样来自学生和家长的压力,他们要求提供注重结果的教育,要求校方负责达到为每个学生所制订的标准。

1)本句是一个简单句, 基本结构为“主语+谓语+宾语”

2)介词短语from parents and students alike 为定语,修饰前面的pressure.

3) 表示目的的介词for 所构成的短语,也是定语,修饰pressure, 其中介词in (在。。。方面) 接动名词所构成的短语是定语,修饰前面的accountability.

4)过去分词短语set for individual students. 做定语,修饰前面的objectives.

5)alike既能做形容词,表示“同样的”意思,也能做副词,表示“相似”。 例如The two brothers are very much alike. 这两兄弟非常相象

They were dressed alike. 他们的穿戴很相似。

注意,英语中,以字母a开头的形容词,大多只能做表语,不能做前置定语,例如“ afraid, awake等。

翻译主要还是通过日常练习,才能得到提高. 各种理论都是抽象的总结,只有在实践中才能得到检验!

翻译过程包括两个阶段:正确理解和充分表达。理解是表达的前提,而表达是理解的目的和结果,二者缺一不可,因此,考生在做英译汉部分试题时:

  (1)切记不可急躁,一定要先通读全文,把握全文的主旨、内容,把握画线部分的语境。

  (2)在着重理解画线部分时,首先要在语义上弄清全句的整体意思和每个单词的意思;其次要分析清楚句子结构,理出句群,找出各分句之间的关系。

  (3)可考虑先打一份翻译草稿,再根据文章意义和汉语结构进行调整。

  (一)词的译法

  1.词义的选择

  由于英语中一词多义的现象十分普遍,且英汉词典中给出的汉语解释未必全面,未必与英文的意思完全对等,这就给我们带来两方面的问题:其一,我们需要根据该多义词在其语言环境中的词类、搭配关系甚至是单复数形式来确定其基本意思(即“忠实”);其二,在“忠实”的原则下,如果词典上的释义显得不“通顺”,那么为了“忠实”与“通顺”的统一,我们必须立足于原意,对其加以适当的引申。

  选择词义的时候,要根据词在句中的词类及上下文的搭配关系来确定。

  如:The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users. (1995年真题)

  [译文]把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的。因为在抨击这类测试时,批评者没有意识到弊病来自人们对这种测试的不甚了解或使用不当。

  [分析]attack的基本意思是“进攻,攻击”,但在这里的搭配是attacking the tests,显然这是指“口诛”、“笔伐”,译为“抨击”或“批评”才算准确。Divert attentionfrom的意思是“将注意力从……移开”,但文中的批评者坚持认为错在考试形式,并不是已经注意到什么而又有意转移视线。所以这里最好译成“没有注意到”或“没有意识到”。Incompetent原意为“不胜任的”,“不胜任的使用者”这一译法有“欧化”之嫌,不如译作“使用不当”。另外,在翻译该句时应将主语The target指代的内容补充完整。

  再如,Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.(1992年第73题)

  [译文]既然对智力的评估是比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,我们所使用的尺度要能够提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。

  [分析]scale最常见的意思是“范围”,但这里和文章要表达的意思相去甚远。

  2.词类的转化

  为满足汉语表达习惯的需要,在翻译时,常需进行词类的转换。最常见的转换有三种:

  (1)名词变动词

  如:New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past time.(1991年72题)

  [译文]必须找到新能源,这需要时间;但是,过去我们感到的能源又廉价又充足的情况不大可能再出现了。

  [分析]sense一词在原文中为名词,但在译文中对应的部分是“感到”,转化成了动词。另外,have the sense of (sth. To do sth.),往往译为“意识到”。

  为什么sense一词往往需要改变词性呢?这是因为它本身在作名词之外,可以直接用作动词;或者说,这个词本身即具有很强的动作意味。类似的名词还有change(起/发生变化);sight(看见)等等。

  (2)形容词变动词

  如:be sure常被译成了“确保”。事实上,许多表示心理活动或感情变化的形容词都可以译成动词词组“感到……”。如sorry, afraid, ashamed, aware, ignorant, confident等等。

  (3)副词变名词

  如:odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementaryparticle physics,…(1998年第75题)

  [译文]宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论,……

  [分析]scientifically被译为“在科学上”。类似的常用结构有biologically determined(由生物因素决定),culturally influenced(受文化影响的)等等。

  另外,还有:

  (4)名词变副词

  如:The girl in the seat is studying the old woman beside her with interest.

  [译文]那个坐着的女孩好奇地打量着她身边的老妇人。

  (5)介词变动词

  如:oil for food.

  [译文]石油换食品。

  (6)副词变动词

  如:over your own.

  [译文]战胜你自己。

  (7)动词变名词

  如:Western people think differently from Chinese people.

  [译文]西方人与中国人的思维方式不同。

  3.词的增减

  This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.(1991年第74题)

  [译文]这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏将使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕作方式继续下去,尽管这种耕作方式用人少、产出高。

  [分析]我们不难发现,主语this在译文中变成了“这种困境”,句中的两个it也分别译成了“农业”和“这种耕作方式”。这是我们反复强调的“代词所指的内容一定要说清楚”,也就是词的“增”加;同时,在译文中,combine、farmer等词的意思并未出现,因为这种耕作方式“用人少、产出高”已完全说明了这一部分的含义,而且简洁明了,这就是词的“减”少;而“消耗”一词,则完全是因为汉语表达的需要。

  不过,在增、减词汇时,要注意“忠实”与“通顺”并重,增或减都是汉语表达的需要,不可随意增、减,造成“多译”、“漏译”。

  4.否定词与含否定意义的词的译法

  (1)正义反译

  常常需要正义反译的词和短语有:deny否决,否定→不给予;miss错过→没赶上(交通工具),没听/看到或没听/看懂;live up to ones expectations不/没辜负……的期望;divert attention from将注意力从……移开→没有意识到;be absent未出席,没来;far from很不;final最终的→不可改变的;idly漫不经心地;be at a loss不知所措;rather than而不是;以及neither, seldom, rarely, differently等我们熟悉的表否定的词。

  如:To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. (1992年真题)

  [译文]批评智力测验不能测量孩子的性格,好比批评温度计不能测量风速一样。

  [分析]本句的主语似乎可译为“因为这种失败而批评它”,但何种“失败”?“它”指什么?需要根据上下文补充说明。另外,failure一词来自fail,而fail to do往往译为“未能/没能/不能做成某事”。

  (2)反义正译

  常常需要反义正译的语言为含no或not的一些短语,如:no less than简直就是;no less…than和……一样;no other than只得;none other than正是;nothing but只是;no choice but只得;以及一些带有词缀的词,如:unfold展开;disappear消失;carelessly马马虎虎地;dislike厌恶;unpleasant难听/闻的,等等。

  如:From the passage we learn that an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice.

  [译文]从文中我们了解到:只有把发明变成商业活动,它才会使发明者受益。

  [分析]我们常常把not…unless…译成“不……除非……”或“除非……才……”,但实际上译为“只有……才会……”更通顺些。

  再如:Young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete, certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply.

  [译文]年轻科学家应尽快认识到,现有的科学知识远不像许多教科书所叙述的那样全面、那样肯定、那样一成不变。

  [分析]cannot…too意为“怎么……也不过分”,即“越……越好,应该尽……”。You cannot be too careful in crossing the road.过马路越小心越好。Not nearly是惯用习语,意为“远不”。There are not nearly enough people here to do the job!要做这项工作,这里的人手远远不够。

  (3)否定词的转移

  在英语中,有时候否定词not形式上否定谓语部分,但实际上是否定其他成分,在表达前一定要理解清楚。如:在1996年亚特兰大奥运会上,一块户外广告牌上写着一句话:I didnt come to trade pins.这里not否定的不是come,而是其目的。所以应译为:我来可不是为了买卖奥运会纪念品。Pins原意指“胸针”、“别针”。

  又如:We arent in this because we like the olympic Games or want to earn our way through school. We are in it to make money.一眼看上去十分矛盾,其实是说另有原因。Not…because的结构很多时候相当于…not because。同样not find, not think等在后面接宾语从句的情况下,not否定的对象也通常是宾语从句中的某个成分。

  再如:people are not poor because they have large families. Quite the contrary,they have large families because they are poor.

  [译文]人们并不是因为孩子多而贫穷。恰恰相反因为他们贫穷才多要孩子。

  [分析]形式上看not否定poor,但从上下文意思来看not是否定because所引导的从句。

  (二)被动语态的译法

  被动语态的使用是科技文章的主要特点之一,其用法十分广泛。在汉语中,我们可用“被、让、把、遭、换、使、由、受到,为……所”等词来表示被动。但在汉语中的被动语态使用频率比英文要低得多。因此,在遇到被动语态时,应遵循汉语的习惯,如译成被动语态不通,则译成主动语态。

  1.保留其被动语

  如:How well the predictions will be validated by later performances dependson…

  [译文]这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,取决于……

  再如:over the years, tools and technology themselves…have largely been ignored by historians…

  [译文]多年来,工具和技术本身……在很大程度上被历史学家忽视了。

  2.将被动改为主动

  (1)翻译成汉语的无主语,如果被动句不含by的话。

  如:If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a trumpet…. (1998年第74题)

  [译文]假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致,那就意味着……一个胜利。

  再如:In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined…(1995年第74题)

  [译文]一般说来,如果所要测定的特征能够精确地加以界定,测试效果最佳……(例中出现两个被动语态,前者译法为第1种,后者译法为第2种)。

  可以译为无主语的,最典型的结构属“It + be +过去分词”句型。如:It is said that…据说;It is reported that…据报道;It must be admitted that…必须承认,等等。但如果这种结构中的过去分词表示“认为”、“主张”、“说”等意思的话,则需要用下一种译法。

  (2)将that引导的主语从句仍然译为宾语,但要加上表泛指的词语(如人们、大家、我们等)作主语。如:It is asserted that…有人主张;It is believed that…有人认为或人们相信;It is told that…有人曾说过。

  (3)如果被动结构既有过去分词又有by(或in, for)引导的介词短语,这时将动作的发出者译成主语。

如:It is imagined by many that….(1993年第74题)

  [译文]许多人认为……

  (三)长句的译法

  句子很长是英译汉试题的一大特色,它在科技性文体中出现最为频繁。对此,考生不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。

  1.长句的分析

  一般来说,造成长句的原因有三方面:修饰语过多;并列成分多;语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采取下面的方法和步骤:

  (1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子的结构。

  (2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。

  (3)分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等,若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果,还是表示条件等等。

  (4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,例如,定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。

  (5)注意插入语等其他成分。

  (6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。

  如:Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environmentswheresthere are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

  [分析](1)该句的主语为Behaviorists,谓语为suggest,宾语为一个从句,因此整个句子为Behaviorists suggest that-clause结构。

  (2)该句共有五个谓语结构,它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等,这五个谓语结构之间的关系为:Behaviorists suggest that-clause结构为主句;who is raised in an environment为定语从句,所修饰的先行词为child;where there are many stimuli为定语从句,所修饰的先行词为environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句,所修饰的先行词为stimuli;在suggest宾语从句中,主语为child,谓语为experience,宾语为greater intellectualdevelopment.

  [译文]行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长,而这些刺激物又有利于其适当反应能力的发展,那么,这个儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。

  2.长句的翻译

  英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句,作层次分明的叙述。因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异,将英语的长句分解,翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中,我们一般采取下列的方法:

  (1)顺译法。

  即顺着英文原有的顺序翻译,条件是英语句子的内容与叙述方式同汉语习惯基本一致。

  如:But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their“expectation of life”,

  the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(1984年考题)

  [分析]该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that…”,it为形式主语,that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to…结构。其中,不定式作主语,the time…是“expectation of life”的同位语,进一步解释其含义,而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。

  五个谓语结构,表达了四个层次的意义:A.可是现在人们意识到;B.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏是有限的;C.人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;D.将这些已知矿源和储量消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法,把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整,整个句子就翻译为:

  [译文]可是现在人们意识到,其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的,人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”,也就是说,经过若干年后,这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

  (2)逆译法。

  即不再遵照英文原有的顺序,甚至完全逆着原有顺序翻译,如果英文的表达次序和汉语的表达习惯不同甚至相反的话。

  如:It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.

  [分析]该句由一个主句,一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成,“……变得越来越重要”是主句,也是全句的中心内容,全句共有三个谓语结构,包含三层含义:A.……变得越来越重要;B.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯,我们也采用逆译法,翻译成:

  [译文]因此,如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会,就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个总是显得越来越重要了。

  (3)分译法。

  如果句子中的从句(或修饰语)与主句的关系不是很密切,可以将它们与主句分割开来,使译文变成好几个短句。这与英汉两种语言表达较复杂的意思的习惯是一致的:前者偏向于使用含有许多重层次的主从复合句或并列复合句,而后者往往崇尚“言简意赅”。

  如:Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allowone to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.(1985年真题)

  [分析]在此长句中,有一个插入语“it is often said”,三个并列的谓语结构,还有一个定语从句,这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义,因此在翻译时,可以采用分译法,按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句。

  [译文]人们常说,通过电视可以了解时事,掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。

  (4)综合法。

  上面讲述了英语长句的顺译法、逆译法和分译法,事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时,并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用,这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下,英语长句如果单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便,这就需要我们仔细分析,或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。

  如:people were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helplessas anybody else.

  [分析]该句共有三层含义:A.人们不敢出门;B.尽管警察已接到命令,要做好准备以应付紧急情况;C.警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中,B表示让步,C表示原因,而A则表示结果,按照汉语习惯顺序,我们作如下的安排:

  [译文]尽管警察已接到命令,要做好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们不敢出门,因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

  (四)各种从句的译法

  通过对1990——2001年英译汉试题从句的统计发现,名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句的出现次数最多。恰当地翻译从句对整个长句非常重要,因此,对这些从句的译法,必须正确掌握。

  1.定语从句的译法

  定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。由于二者在翻译时无大差异,所以讨论时不加严格区分。定语从句的译法一般有三种:

  (1)译成含“的”字结构的定语,放在先行词之前。由于定语从句的作用相当于定语,所以这种译法是最普遍的。不过,条件是定语不可过长。

  (2)采用“分译法”,将较长的定语从句独立出去,并将先行词重复一次。

  (3)译成状语从句。

  如:Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised to an environmentswheresthere are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. (1990年第74题)

  [译文]行为主义者的看法是:如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长,而这些刺激物又能够发展其适应反应能力的话,那么这个儿童在智力方面将会得到更大的发展。

  [分析]对比原文与译文的句子结构会发现二者的一些不同之处:①原文是一气呵成的一个长句,译文分成了4个短句;②原文中的三个定语从句得到了不同的处理:who从句变化成了“如果”引导的条件状语从句;where从句保留定语的功能;which从句与其先行词分离,译成了含递进意味的条件状语从句,且其先行词重新出现一次。

  2.名词性从句的译法

  名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,它们中大多数可以适用“顺译法”——按原文的顺序翻译。但也有一些值得注意的地方:

  (1)主语从句的译法:如主语从句和后面的成分都不长,则按顺序在一句话里完成;如主语很长,而主语其他成分很短,则可采用逆译法;倘若二者长度相当且都较长,则采用分译法。

  (2)表语从句的译法:通常用顺译法。出现次数较少。

  (3)宾语从句的译法:如宾语从句较长,且是第一层次的从句,句子往往在主句谓语动词和宾语从句间断开。

  (4)同位语从句的译法:类似于定语从句的译法——处理成含“的”字结构的定语,其同位语则成为该定语修饰的对象;或采用分译法,先译同位语,再补充同位语从句的内容。如:

  This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishments cannot generally be foreseen in detail . (1996年第72题)

  [译文]这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出什么样的具体要求,通常是无法详尽预见的。

  3.状语从句的译法

  由于在句中用来表示时间、原因、条件、目的、让步、比较等等,这类从句往往用在主句后面,而汉语的习惯则要求将状语的内容先于主句表达,即要用逆译法。结果状语从句例外。

  历年试题中状语从句极多,值得特别注意的有:

  (1)when引导的从句的译法。

  When引导的时间状语与主句之间有逗号隔开,说明主句已经是一个完整的句子,when从句与主句关系松散,只是一种语气很弱的补充。类似的情况还有which引导的非限定性定语从句,往往有逗号与主句隔开,所以翻译时常常用分译法,独立成句。

  如:In general, the tests work most efficiently when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined…

  [分析]由于when引导的从句并不是很强烈的时间概念,实际上说的是一种条件。这种情况下,不妨将它译成“如果”。

  (2)so…that…引导的结果从句,不应译成“如此……以至于……”。

  如:However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of theworldsmore fascinating and delightful aspects.

  [分析]如果用“如此……以至于……”来译,译文就是:“……但是,世界就是如此被制造的,以至于……”,明显是从英语搬过来的,属“死译”;而且“世界”是“被制造”的吗?也不通顺。[译文]然而,世界就是如此,完美的体系一般是无法解决世上某些更引人入胜的课题的。

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