2.1价值观，是人们对价值问题的根本看法，包括对价值的实质、构成、标准的认识，这些认识的不同，形成了人们不同的价值观。每个人都是在各自的价值观的引导下，形成不同的价值取向，追求着各自认为最有价值的东西。价值的内涵非常丰富，一般可以分为物质性和精神性的价值，还有综合性、复杂的价值，如人的价值(或称人生价值)；能否树立正确的价值观和科学、合理的价值取向，对一个人的发展是至关重要的。

2.2大部分学者都认为，价值观是一定主体（民族、阶级、阶层和个人等）生活实践和文化积淀的产物，是现实生活中的价值运动在人们头脑中的反映，反过来又成为人们评价事物、品评人物的标准和原则；价值观是一种体系性的存在，其中有深层结构和表层结构的区别；前者表现为一定主体的文化心态和思维定势，具有相对的稳定性和顽固性，后者则比较灵活，通过增减和变动一些规范以应付实际生活的变化，并维护着深层结构的稳定性、一贯性，只有社会的深刻变革或革命，才能造成深层结构的相应嬗变。但在价值观的具体结构方面，学者们有以下几种看法：

第一种认为，价值观主要是由义利观、理欲观和德力观构成，义利问题包括公利和私利、精神生活和物质生活的关系问题，理欲问题包含生命与欲望、品德与生命的关系问题，德力问题则是品德和能力、恃德还是恃力的关系。这几个范畴都是中国传统哲学的范畴，但融入了现时代的内涵，如此规定价值观的内容，可以较好地实现与传统的对接。第二种观点则通过深入的分析和归纳，认为价值观主要是由主体个人的历史方位感、社会秩序信念、社会规范意识、价值实践意识（目的和手段意识）、价值本位意识等构成，其中包括如何看待人与己、个人与群体、生与死、身与心、社会荣誉与个人尊严等显示的个人历史方位意识，平等、自由、公正等观念显示的社会秩序观念，官本位、权力至上、金钱第一、人的全面发展等显示的价值本位意识。这五个方面的基本内容相互之间有机地联系在一起，从而构成人们心目中的“价值坐标系统”。

还有一种观点认为，价值观念包括目标系统、手段系统、规则系统和制约系统，这四个方面相互规定，各自又由多种因素构成。

上述几种观点之间并无原则上的分歧，区别只在于侧重的角度以及概括的深度和广度。相对而言，第二种观点比较深入、全面、具有较强理论解释力、说服力和应用潜力。

2.3价值观的核心和基本表现形式：

关于价值观的核心，一种观点（通常是伦理学界的部分学者）认为是个人和集体的观念，如个人主义和集体主义。

另一种观点认为，人们的现实地位和利益规定了人们的价值观。这里的利益不仅是物质利益，也包括政治利益和精神利益。人们的一切思想和行为都是围绕着利益旋转的，只有深入到利益关系和利益观，才能真正理解人们在价值观上的差别和对立问题，所以利益观既是价值观的基础，也是它的核心。

第三种观点具有综合的性质，认为前二者都包含在“主体定位”之中：价值的主体是谁，他怎样把握自己的地位、利益、使命、自己与他人社会的关系等，是全部价值观的实质和核心。“为什么人的问题是一个根本问题”。

上述观点之间也主要是分析概括的深度和层次的差别，并无实质性的分歧。

关于价值观的基本表现形式，尚无更多展开的探讨和争论。目前从正面加以比较系统的阐述、并具相当影响的一种说法是，价值观念作为观念形态的价值意识，通常表现为人们关于生活中基本价值的信念、信仰、理想等观念的总和。信念、信仰和理想，是一定价值观念最通常、最基本的表现形式。

2.4价值观的影响效应

价值观不仅影响个人的行为，还影响着群体行为和整个组织行为。在同一客观条件下，对于同一个事物，由于人们的价值观不同，就会产生不同的行为。在同一个单位中，有人注重工作成就，有人看重金钱报酬，也有人重视地位权力，这就是因为他们的价值观不同。同一个规章制度，如果两个人的价值观相反，那么就会采取完全相反的行为，将对组织目标的实现起着完全不同的作用。

价值观是一种内心尺度，它凌驾于整个人性当中，支配着人的行为、态度、观察、信念、理解等，支配着人认识世界、明白事物对自己的意义和自我了解、自我定向、自我设计等；也为人自认为正当的行为提供充足的理由。我们这里考察的职业价值观，在于探讨人们在职业选择和职业生活中，在众多的价值取向里，优先考虑哪种价值。 价值观具有下列特性：（l）价值观是因人而异的。由于每个人的先天条件和后天环境不同，人生经历也不尽相同，每个人的价值观的形成会受到不同的影响，因此，每个人都有自己的价值观和价值观体系。在同样的客观条件下，具有不同价值观和价值观体系的人，其动机模式不同，产生的行为也不同。 （2）价值观是相对稳定的。价值观是人们思想认识的深层基础，它形成了人们的世界观和人生观。它是随着人们认知能力的发展，在环境、教育的影响下，逐步培养而成的。 人们的价值观一旦形成，便是相对稳定的，具有持久性。 （3）价值观在特定的环境下又是可以改变的。由于环境的改变、经验的积累、知识的增长，人们的价值观有可能发生变化。

价值观是支撑人类生活的精神支柱，它决定着人类行为的取向，决定着人们的什么样的心态和旨意去开创自己的新生活，因而它对于人类的生活具有根本性的导引意义。

2.1The definition of value

The view of values is people’s fundamental thoughts about value , including the understanding of the substance ,composition and standard of value. It is those different understandings that form different views of value. Under the direction of respective values, everyone shapes up different value orientations and seeks after what he thinks to be the most valuable. The content of value is very rich, which can be generally divided into material and spiritual values, as well as comprehensive, complex value, such as the value of human (or the value of life); it is of utmost importance for a person's development to establish the correct values and a scientific and rational value Orientation.

2.2The contents of value

Most scholars believe that the value is the product of the life practice and cultural accumulation of certain main subject(such as nationalities, classes, ranks, individuals and so on);and it is the reflection of real value movement in people’s mind, while it becomes the criterions and principles for people to evaluate things and size up figures; values is the existence of a system, of which there are distinction between deep and surface structures, while the former reflects the cultural mentality and thinking set the main subjects with relative stability and intractable and the latter is more flexible, to meet the changing realities of life through some changes and variations in standard , and to maintain the stability and consistency of the deep structure, which can be correspondingly transmuted through the profound social change or revolution only.

As for the specific structure of values, scholars have such views as follows:

The first is that the values of justice profits mainly constituted by the concept and the rationale of a German, justice issues, including the benefits and benefit private interests, spiritual and material life of the relationship, the justifications for the issue to include life and desire, integrity and life The question of the relationship, and Germany is the issue of integrity and ability, dependable Germany or dependable power relations. These areas are the areas of traditional Chinese philosophy, but are now integrated into the era of content, so the provisions of values, can be better achieved with the traditional docking. The second point of view, through in-depth analysis and synthesis that values mainly by the historical position of the main personal sense of social order and beliefs, social norms, awareness, awareness of the value of practice (sense of purpose and means), a value-based awareness, including How to treat people with their individual and group life and death, body and heart, social honor and dignity of the individual shows such as the personal sense of historical position, equality, freedom, justice and other concepts show that the concept of social order, the official position of power supremacy, First money, such as the comprehensive development of value-based awareness of the show. The five elements of mutual respect between organically linked to a perceived "value coordinate system."

There is also a view that values include the target system, means systems, system rules and constraints, these four aspects of each other, and each posed by a variety of factors.

Several views between the above-mentioned principles, there is no differences between the difference only lies in focusing on the broad perspective and the depth and breadth. In comparison, the second view more in-depth, comprehensive, with strong theoretical explanation, convincing and potential applications.

2.3 The core values and basic forms:

On the core values, a point of view (usually the ethics of the profession some scholars) that the concept of individual and collective, such as individualism and collectivism.

In another view, people's real interests and the status of themselves limit their values. Here the interests of not only material benefits, including political and spiritual interests. People's thinking and behavior are all around the interests of the rotation, only to the interests of in-depth and interests, people can truly understand the differences in values and confrontation, so the interests of both values, is fundamental to its core.

The third perspective is integrated nature that the former two are included in the "main location": the value of the principal of whom he is, how he grasped their status, interests and mission, their social relations with others, is all the essence and core values. "Why the issue is a fundamental issue."

This view is mainly between the general analysis of the depth and level the difference, there is no substantive differences.

On the basic values of the form, there are no more commencing discussions and arguments. From positive to compare the current system of on and have a considerable impact on the argument that the concept of values as a form of the value of awareness-Changbiaoxianwei people on the life of the fundamental values and beliefs, beliefs, ideals and concepts such as the sum. Faith, beliefs and ideals, certain values are usually the most basic form of expression.

2.4 The impact of values

Values not only affect the behavior of individuals, groups also affect the behavior .and conduct throughout the organization. In the same conditions, for the same things, different people of different values, will behavior in different ways. In the same units, some people focus on achievements, some people value money reward, it was also attaches importance to the status of power, and this is because of their different values. The same rules and regulations, if two people's values contrary, it will take exactly the opposite of conduct, organizations will achieve the goal of playing an entirely different role.

Values is a heart-scale, it overrides the whole of humanity, dominate people's behaviors, attitudes, observation, faith, understanding, and so on, dominate the people of the world, understand the meaning of things on their own and self-understanding, self-directed, self-design, etc. ; People also believe that the proper behavior to provide adequate reasons. Here we study the professional values, is to explore people's career choices and career in life and in many values, which give priority to value. Values have the following characteristics: (l) the values vary from person to person. Since each person's innate and acquired environmental conditions of different life experiences vary, each person's values will be the formation of different effects, so everyone has their own values and value systems. In the same objective conditions, with different values and value systems of people, different patterns of their motivation, the acts are also different. (2) Values are relatively stable. Values of people's are basis of the deep understanding and it formed a people's world outlook and outlook on life. It is with the people cognitive development, the environment, education under the influence, and gradually from the train. Once the formation of people's values, is relatively stable, with persistent. (3) Values in a particular environment and can be changed.If the environment changes, the experience accumulatesand the knowledge grow, people’s values and are subject to change.

Values are supporting the spiritual pillar of human life, human behavior is determined by the orientation of the people decided what kind of mentality and the will to create their new life, so it has for human life, guided fundamental significance.