1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context.

2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.

3 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.

4 language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.

5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.

6 standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system,used by the mass media.

7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.

8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.

9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.

10 Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech communication.

11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.

12 bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.

13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language ,often cutting across regional differences.

14 sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.

15 register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.

16 slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.

17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.

18 euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”. A euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive