“情态动词+have done”的用法

“情态动词＋have done”表示对过去情况的推测或估计，是历年高考的热点。现就这一语言现象作如下归纳：

1． should (ought to) have＋过去分词

表示过去应该做而（实际）没有做的事情,含有责备或遗憾的语气，意为“本应该……”；其否定形式为“should not／ought not to have ＋ 过去分词”，表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。

Mr. White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting , but he didn’t’ show up.（04’广西卷）

A. should have arrived B. should arrive

C. should have had arrivedD. should be arriving

[解析]本题中的一个关键词but暗示了“Mr. White按道理理应到了，而他没有到”。故答案选[A]。

2．needn’t have＋过去分词

表示过去没有必要做某事, 但实际上做了某事。

As you worked late yesterday, you_________ have come this morning.(06’陕西卷)

A. mayn’t B. can’tC. mustn’tD. needn’t

[解析] He needn't have come，表示“他本没有必要来（实际却来了）”，根据句意，答案应选[D]。

[注意] He didn't need to come yesterday，意为“他昨天没有必要来（实际也没来）”。

3．must have＋过去分词

用于肯定句，表示“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。

[注意] 对过去发生情况的否定推测常用can’t／couldn’t have ＋过去分词。

I have lost one of my gloves. I ________ it somewhere .（05’北京春季）

A. must dropB. must have dropped

C. must be droppingD. must have been dropped

[解析]本题应选B。本题的前一句说明一个结果，后一句则表示一个原因。

I _______have been more than six years old when the accident happened.（05’天津卷）

A. shouldn'tB. couldn'tC. mustn'tD. needn't

[解析]从题意上分析，本题的前一句陈述一个理由，后一句则是由前一句得出的结论。故本题选[b] 。

4．may／might have＋过去分词

表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性推测，表示“过去可能／大概已做了某事”；否定句表示“过去可能还没有做某事”。

Wehave proved great adventurers, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years.(06’天津卷)

A. needn’t B. may notC. shouldn’tD. mustn’tKey:[b]

5．can／could have＋过去分词

表示“过去本来可以做某事，但实际上没有做”；否定句表示“不可能已做了某事”；疑问句表示“可能／也许已做了某事吗？”。

--- I stayed at a hotel while in New York .

--- Oh, did you? You ＿＿＿＿ with Barbara．(NMET’98)　

A. could have stayedB. could stay

C. would stayD. must have stayed Key: [A]

巩固性练习：从A、B、C、D中选择最佳答案。

1．---You didn’t wait for Mr. Smith last night, did you?

---No, but we ______. He didn’t return home at all.

A. couldn’t have waitedB. needn’t have

C. didn’t need toD. should wait

2．Harry ______ have won the Physics competition easily yesterday, but he gave up.

A. couldB. mightC. shouldD. must

3．---May I speak to your manager Mr. Smith at six o’clock tonight ?”

---“I’m sorry, Mr. Smithto a conference before then.”

A. will have goneB. had goneC. would have goneD. has gone

4．---Tom took away our teacher’s cell phone without being permitted.

--- Really? I can’t imagine that he _______ have done such a thing.

A. mustB. mayC. can D. should

5．--- Was it you that made the suggestion?

--- Ithave been. I can’t remember.

A. needB. mustC. shouldD. may

6．The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I_________ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me .

A. should have takenB. could have taken

C. needn't have takenD. mustn't have taken

7．He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free.

A. could B. wouldC. mustD. need

8．I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning. Sheat the meeting .

A. mustn’t have spoken B. mightn’t have spoken

C. can’t have spokenD. shouldn’t have spoken

9．--- Hi, is that Peter Brown?

---Sorry. You ______ the wrong number .

A. must dial B. must have dialedC. should dialD. should have dialed

10．I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car . They ______ at least 150 kilometers an hour .

A. should have been doing B. must have been doing

C. could have done D. would have done

Keys for reference： 1---5 CAADD6---10 CACBB

高考“情态动词＋have done”考点解析

“情态动词＋have done”结构是高考重要考点，也是较难掌握的语法项目之一，为了帮助同学们更好地掌握使用这一考点，下面结合近年高考试题谈谈其主要用法。

考点之一：在虚拟条件句中，如果表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句中用过去完成时，而主句中则用“情态动词＋现在完成时”，即：would/ could/ should/ might have done。例如：

If they had finished the work on time, they would have been praised by the manager.

If you had worked hard, you could have passed the examination.

高考题分析：

1. If it ___ for the snow, we ___ the mountain yesterday. ( MET91)

A. were not; could have climbed B. were not; could

C. had not been; could have climbed D. had not been; could climb

2. --- I stayed at a hotel while in New York. --- Oh, did you?You ___ with Barbara. (NMET98)

A. could have stayB. could stayC. would stay D. must have stay

3. Yesterday Jane walked away for discussion, otherwise, she ___ something she would regret later.( 96上海)

A. had saidB. saidC. might say D. might have said

答案简析：

1. 根据信息词yesterday可以判断该句是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，从句中应该用“情态动词＋现在完成时”，故答案选C。

2. 本句是一个含蓄虚拟条件句，意思是：If you hadn’t stay at a hotel while in New York, you could have stayed with Barbara. 表达了与过去事实相反的情况，答案选A。

3. 本句考查的也是含蓄虚拟语气，意思是：如果她参加了讨论，她可能会说出一些后来令她后悔的话。表达了与过去事实相反的情况，故答案选D。

考点之二：must have done表示对过去已经发生过的情况的肯定推测判断，语气较强，意思是“一定……、肯定……”。其否定形式分别用can’t/ couldn’t和can/ could。例如：

It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.

昨天晚上一定是下雨了，因为今晨地面是潮湿的。

She didn’t attend the lesson yesterday. She must have been ill.

她昨天没有上课，她一定是生病了。

巩固练习：

He ____ have completed his work, otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside. (０５北京　２６题)

A. should B. must C. wouldn’t D. can’t

This cake is very sweet. You ___ a lot of sugar in it. (05　辽宁　26题)

Ａ. Should put B. could have put C. might putD. must have put

--- Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today?

--- Something ___ to him. ( 05江西　22题

A. must happenB. should have happenedC. could have happened

D. must have happened

I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They ___ at least 150 kilometers an hour. ( 05重庆　33题)

A. should have been doing B. must have been doing

C. could have done D. would have done

I ____ have been more than six years old when the accident happened.( 05天津　14题)

A. shouldn’tB. couldn’t C. mustn’tD. needn’t

--- Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere. (05湖北32题)

A. shouldn’tB. mustn’t C. can’t D. wouldn’t

1. I didn’t hear the phone. I ____ asleep. (MET 89)

A. must be B. must have beenC. should beD. should have been

2. --- I rang your home yesterday. A man answered but I didn’t recognize the voice.

--- On, it ___ my brother, Peter.

A. must beB. must have beenC. can have beenD. might be

答案简析：

1. 关键词是didn’t，说明动作发生在过去，所以是对已经发生过的情况的推测判断。故答案选B。

2. 本句的意思是：我昨天朝你家里打的电话。是对过去情况的推测判断，应该用must have done结构。故答案选B。

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