区分前指代词one/ones/the ones、that、those的关键标准有三个:被指代的名词——
是否可数名词?
单数还是复数?
特指还是泛指?
我们用一张矩阵图来表示:首先找到要替代的名词,根据以上三个标准,结合纵向和横向两个条件来判断:
满足
条件 |
可数名词 |
不可数名词 |
单数 |
复数 |
泛指 |
one |
ones |
that |
特指 |
that
(=the one) |
those
(=the ones) |
说明:
one用来替代前面出现的单数名词,是泛指概念,相当于a/an+单数名词;
ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词,也是泛指概念,往往前面有一个限定词、或形容词;
that用来替代前面出现的名词,可以是可数名词单数,也可以是不可数名词,相当于the+(单数/不可数)名词;
those用来替代复数名词,是特指概念,相当于the+名词复数,但多用于两者间的另外一方(一批)。
(注:还有两个代词。it用来替代前面出现的事物,是单数可数名词或不可数名词,是同名同物的替代;they则是替代前面出现的附属名词。这两个代词的指代属于“同一类、同一个”。)
例题分析:
1.If you’re buying today’s paper from the stand, could you get ____ for me?
指代前面的paper(报纸),意思是“帮我也带一份”,但又并非要特定的某一份报纸。属于“可数+单数+泛指”,所以应填入one。
2.Studying Wendy’smenu, I found that many of the itemsare similar to _____ of McDonald’s.
指代前面的items,意思是Wendy’s餐厅菜单上的内容和麦当劳的相似。有Wendy’s menu这个限定范围,属于“可数+复数+特指”所以应填入those。
3.She was getting angrier as time went by,thinking, “If I weren’t so nice, I would blacken his eyes.” With each cookie she took, he took _____,too; when only one was left, she wondered what he would do.
指代前文的cookie,意思是“她每吃一块曲奇,他也吃一块”。此处的曲奇并不是特定某一块。属于“可数+单数+泛指”所以填入one。
4. —Silly me! I forget what my luggagelooks like. —What do you think of______ over there?
指代前文所说的luggage(不可数名词)。属于“不可数+泛指”,所以填入that。
5.The cost ofrenting a house in central Xi’anis higher than ____ in any other area of the city.
指代前文名词cost,意思为“在西安租房的成本”和“在其他地方(租房)的成本”。属于“不可数+特指”,填入that。
6. We know the famous _______—the Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells—but what about theless famous inventors?
指代后文的inventors。意思是“我们都知道知名的发明家——但那些不知名的发明家呢?”。属于“复数+泛指”,前面又有形容词famous,所以填入ones。
7. I wish I'd bought a few jars of honey. Did you notice the __they were selling by the roadside?
指代前文的the jars of honey,意思是“他们正在路边卖的那些”,属于“复数+特指”,前面又有限定词the,所以填ones。
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