Hell on wheels车轮上的地狱Striking images from the '70s and '80s show New York's dirty, graffiti-covered subway and its passengers amid the outbreak of violent crimes that took place underground at the time.
这里是一些70-80年代的照片，展示了当时一片狼籍、布满涂鸦、时常发生暴力犯罪的纽约地铁及身处其中的乘客们。
Swiss photographer Willy Spiller was living in the once crime-riddled city when he began documenting his underground travels, starting in 1977 and ending in 1984
瑞士摄影师威利.斯皮勒曾居住在这个充斥着罪行的城市，1977到1984年间，他用相机记录了自己的地下铁旅途。
He published the images in his book, Hell On Wheels, first released in 1984 and reprinted again in 2016
他在《Hell On Wheels》一书中发表了这些照片，该书1984年首次发行，2016年再版。
By September 1979, there were over 250 felonies per week being recorded on the New York subway
时至1979年9月，纽约地铁中每周记录在案的重罪超过250件。
Despite the dangers that kept some New Yorkers from braving the underground, Spiller was able to capture the seemingly glamorous hustle and bustle of city life
尽管地铁的危险使一些纽约市民望而却步，斯皮勒还是捕捉到了一些看似繁忙熙攘的城市生活图景。
Any real New Yorker knows the best way to navigate the city is via subway, but in the late '70s and early '80s the underground was one of the most dangerous places to be.
一个真正的纽约人，一定知道游历这座城市最好的方式就是乘地铁出行。但上个世纪70年代晚期和80年代早期，地铁是纽约最危险的地方之一。
Swiss photographer Willy Spiller was living in the once crime-riddled city when documented his underground travels from 1977 to 1984, sharing the images in his photography book, Hell On Wheels.
瑞士摄影师威利.斯皮勒曾居住在这个罪行累累的城市。1977到1984年间，他用相机记录了自己的地下铁旅途。
Spiller captured not only the graffiti filled subway lines, but he also offered a glimpse into the lives of the people who rode subway system, which was once plagued with robberies and murder.
斯皮勒所拍摄的不仅是贯穿地铁线路的涂鸦，在他的作品中，我们对于地铁运营者的日常生活也可窥见一斑，彼时他们的生活中充斥着抢劫和谋杀。
According to nycsubway.org, there were an outbreak of violent crimes underground in the last week of 1978, and the first two months of 1979 started off with six murders on the subway.
根据纽约市地铁网（nycsubway.org），1978年的最后一周，地下暴力犯罪爆发。1979年年初的两个月，地铁中就发生了6起谋杀案。
There were over 250 felonies per week being recorded on the subway by September 1979, making the crime rate much higher than any other mass transits system in the world.
时至1979年9月，纽约地铁中每周记录在案的重罪超过250件，犯罪率远远高于全球任何大型交通系统。
However, despite the risks he was taking by documenting the photos, Spiller's colorful series sheds a different light on the New York's underground, which was still bustling despite its dangers.
尽管在拍摄时遭遇巨大的风险，斯皮勒多姿多彩的系列作品还是表现了纽约地铁的别样风貌，即在危险之外的繁忙景象。
Swiss photographer Willy Spiller was living in New York when began documenting his underground travels from 1977 to 1984.
瑞士摄影师威利.斯皮勒当时居住在纽约，1977年到1984年间，他用相机记录了自己的地铁之旅。
The colorful images of New York's underground are featured in his 1984 book 'Hell On Wheels', which was republished in 2016.
这些多彩的照片展示了当时的纽约地铁，收录在他1984年出版的《Hell On Wheels》一书中，该书2016年再版发行。
These images hardly tell a story of crime and danger,' Dr. Tobia Bezzola wrote in the book's forward. 'Willy Spiller doesn’t discover darkness in the underground but rather an idiosyncratic, vivid realm of its own'.
“这些照片不在于讲述某桩罪案或重重危机”，Tobia Bezzola博士在该书前言中写道，“威利.斯皮勒并未刻意发掘地面之下的黑暗，而是呈现了一个生动的地下奇异王国。”
Spiller's series sheds a different light on the New York's underground, which was still bustling despite its dangers .
斯皮勒的系列摄影表现了纽约地铁不同的一面，在危险中人来人往的图景。
During this time period, passengers were struggling with fears of crime, long wait times, malfunctioning trains, noise, and other deplorable conditions
在这一时期，乘客要与之斗争的不仅是对犯罪的恐惧，还有漫长的候车时间、出故障的列车、噪音以及其他糟糕的状况。
Between June 30th 1976 and June 30th 1977, subway ridership dropped by 25 million passengers. This was the start of an eight-year declined that saw 327 million passengers leave the metro system, according to nycsubway.org.
根据纽约市地铁网（nycsubway.org），从1976年6月30日开始，其后一年内，地铁客流量下降了2500万人次。这是八年萧条期的开始，期间，32.7万乘客抛弃了地铁系统。
In the late '70s, Brooklyn man named Curtis Sliwa (not pictured) headed a group called the 'Magnificent 13', which began unarmed patrols on the subway between 8pm and 4am to discourage crime. The Magnificent 13 eventually changed its name to the Guardian Angels before expanding the operation to include of five of New York City's boroughs.
70年代晚期，一个叫Curtis Sliwa的布鲁克林人（不是图中这位）发起了一个组织，叫做“Magnificent 13”，并开始从早晨八点到下午4点在地铁里进行非武装巡逻，以阻止犯罪。他们的行动扩展到了纽约五大行政区，之后改名为“Guardian Angels”。
In 1979, Mayor Ed Koch was looking for law enforcement officials to come up with a plan to combat the outbreak of violence and crime on the subways .
1979年，Ed Koch市长希望执法人员能够提出打击地铁暴力犯罪的计划。
By September 1979, there were over 250 felonies per week being recorded on the subway, making the crime rate much higher than any other mass transits system in the world.
时至1979年9月，纽约地铁中每周记录在案的重罪超过250件，犯罪率远远高于全球任何大型交通系统。
At the time, Transit Police Chief Sanford Garelik was insisting that crime was actually worse on the streets, suggesting that the fear of violence was exaggerated by adults who were uncomfortable sharing close quarters with their younger counterparts.
当时，交通警察局局长Sanford Garelik坚持认为街头犯罪比地铁更甚，对暴力的恐惧只是被一些不愿与年轻人挤地铁的成年人夸大了而已。
In September 1979, Transit Police Chief Sanford Garelik was fired after cop publicly requested his resignation. He was replaced by Deputy Chief of Personnel James B. Meehan.
1979年九月，由于警察们公开要求其下台，交通警察局局长Sanford Garelik被解雇。他的职位被人事副主任James B. Meehan取代。
During this time, the subways were covered with graffiti both in and outside the train's cars, and Spiller captured this image of a teenage boy hanging off the side of the subway car as its doors were closing.
在此期间，地铁列车从内到外都被画满涂鸦。斯皮勒拍下了这张照片：地铁门关上时，一个男孩挂在了列车的一侧。
During New York City's most crime-riddled years, the Lexington Avenue Express (not pictured) was dubbed 'mugger's express'.
在纽约市充斥犯罪最多的一年，莱克辛顿大街特快专列绰号为“劫匪专列”。
Despite the dangers that kept some New Yorkers from braving the subway, Spiller was able to capture the seemingly glamorous hustle and bustle of city life
尽管地铁的危险使一些纽约市民望而却步，斯皮勒还是捕捉到了一些看似繁忙熙攘的城市生活图景。
Spiller photographed numerous people getting on and off the subway without fear, including these two women walking together.
斯皮勒拍摄了很多上下列车时毫无惧色的人，包括图中这两位走在一起的女士。
Although the subway was not as nearly as safe as it is today, people still fell asleep and read during their commutes.
尽管当时地铁的安全程度跟今天相差甚远，人们依然会在通勤途中阅读或睡着。
Spiller captured the images as part of his daily routine, which often involved him taking the subway from downtown to Lincoln Center
斯皮勒把拍摄作为他的日常任务之一，所以经常搭着地铁从市中心一直到偏远的林肯艺术中心。
Spiller photographed these train passengers through a window on the subway cart, and they didn't appear to notice his peering camera lens.
斯皮勒通过地铁车厢的窗户来拍摄这些乘客，而他们似乎不曾发觉他的镜头。
Graffiti wasn't limited to just subway cars. Entrances to New York's underground featured spray painted names, initials and ominous messages.
不只是地铁车厢上有涂鸦，纽约地铁的入口处也喷绘着一些名字、首字母和不详的信息。
'When you're sitting in a graffiti-covered car, you don't feel safe,' David L. Gunn, the president of the Transit Authority told the New York Times in 1989 when the New York Transit Authority celebrated the final journey of what it said was the last graffiti covered train. Spiller took this photo sometime between 1977 and 1984, before the subway was cleaned up.
“当你坐在一个满是涂鸦的车厢里，你会觉得不安全。”1989年，交通局局长David L. Gunn对《纽约时报》表示。当时，纽约交通局正在庆祝他们所说的最后一辆涂鸦列车的最后一程。斯皮勒拍摄这张照片的时间在1977年到1984年之间，在地铁清理之前。
Danger? The images capture the variety of characters who traveled on the subway - which looks far more dirty and graffiti-covered than it does today
危险？这些照片记录了大量的乘车者，他们所乘的地铁远比今天的地铁更肮脏不堪且遍布涂鸦。
Relaxing: Despite the crime spree that took place on the underground trains, they were still used by young women such as this duo who can be seen relaxing with their feet up on the seats.
休闲时光：不顾地铁里的罪恶狂欢，很多年轻姑娘还是会放松休息。像图中这对姑娘，正休闲地把脚搭在椅子上。
Happy as can be: One of Willy's images shows an older couple smiling with joy as the sit next to other passengers.
该乐就乐：威利的这张照片里，一对老夫妻坐在别的乘客旁边，露出喜悦的微笑。
One of the images captures young people, who appear to be homeless, sleeping in the stations - something which still occurs frequently today.
这张照片里是一群似乎无家可归的年轻人，就睡在车站里——这种情况如今还时有发生。
Art? Many of the trains were covered from top to bottom in bold graffiti designs.
艺术？很多列车从头到脚覆盖着醒目的涂鸦设计。
CLEANING UP THE NYC SUBWAY
纽约地铁清理运动
New York City's subway was notoriously covered in graffiti in the '70s and '80s, with nearly every car vandalized at least partially with spray paint.
70、80年代，纽约市地铁遍布涂鸦，臭名昭著，几乎每一辆列车都被蓄意破坏，车身上或多或少留有喷绘。
According to New York Magazine, in 1972, then-Mayor John Lindsay 'declared war' on the subway graffiti. The MTA slowly began chipping away at the problem, first rubbing it off with acid — a process that was found to be costly and ultimately ineffective. They also used guard dogs, razor wire, and fences to block out the taggers.
《纽约杂志》报道称，1972年，当时的市长John Lindsay向地铁涂鸦“宣战”。MTA慢慢开始一点一点解决这个问题，先是用酸溶掉涂鸦——这一过程花费巨大且最终无效。他们还用过警犬、铁丝网和栅栏来阻挡涂鸦者。
A misstep in 1983 saw the MTA paint subway cars white, and their work was almost immediately tagged up again with more graffiti.
1983年MTA遭遇了一次重大失误，他们将车身漆成白色，而后几乎立刻惹来了更多的涂鸦。
In 1984, the New York City Transit Authority implemented a five-year program with the aim of getting rid of the graffiti all together. Increased security in the subway also kept the problem from rising up again.
1984年纽约市交通局实施了一项五年计划，旨在全盘清理地铁涂鸦。地铁里加强了安保，以防恶行卷土重来。
In 1985, the MTA President David Gunn began the Clean Train Movement, which also involved cleaning each car when it got to the end of its run.
1985年，MTA主席David Gunn开始了“列车清洁运动”，包括在每辆车运行结束后对其进行清洁。
Finally, in May 1989, graffiti was cleaned off the last subway car, in the C line. At the time, that amounted to 6,245 cars being cleaned, rebuilt, or replaced altogether. In addition to the cars themselves, 250 of the 465 functional stations at the time were cleaned.
终于，1989年五月，C线最后一辆列车上的涂鸦也被清理干净了。至此，总计清理、重建、更换了6245辆列车。除了车辆本身，465个运营车站中的250个也清理完毕。
'When you're sitting in a graffiti-covered car, you don't feel safe,'president of the Transit Authority, David L. Gunn, said at the time.
“当你坐在一个满是涂鸦的车厢里，你会觉得不安全。”彼时，交通局局长David L. Gunn如是说道。
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