[推荐]【写作】作文准备之思路篇

发布者: 冈仁波齐 | 发布时间: 2006-5-19 14:48| 查看数: 8974| 评论数: 0|

思路篇 Having enough reason to support your choice is essential in TOEFL writing. Here I listed some good reasons for a point as a sample. 　　西方人经常提及的辩论话题之理由：（注意，有些理由在TWE中会被认为是重复的。只做欣赏。另外，从中我们可以对自己的逻辑思维更加自信。） 　　1． Smoking 　　For： 　　1． it is pleasurable and relaxing 　　2． it is one's right 　　3． it is difficult to stop smoking 　　4． it is an old custom going back hundreds of years 　　5． it is not always dangerous to one's health 　　6． it makes socializing easier 　　7． it is an important source of tax revenue 　　8． intoxication is a natural drive (e.g., coffee, drugs, alcohol) 　　 Against: 　　1． it is harmful to one's health (e.g., heart disease, bronchial trouble, lung cancer ) 　　2． it is harmful to those nearby 　　3． it is a dirty and expensive habit 　　4． it is addictive (i.e., nicotine) 　　5． it is quickly being banned in public areas 　　6． it lives off deceptive advertising 　　2． School Uniforms 　　For： 　　1． they build character 　　2． they eliminate class differences 　　3． they allow students to better concentrate on their studies 　　4． they are popular with parents and administrators 　　5． they are inexpensive 　　6． they are attractive and neat 　　7． they eliminate the need to choose what to wear every day 　　8． many countries have them 　　Against： 　　1． they lead to conformity 　　2． they are disliked by students (students like to primp) 　　3． they create a military mentality 　　4． they are an infringement on our freedom (different strokes for different folks) 　　5． they are ugly and childish 　　6． they deprive youths of an important choice: what to wear 　　7． they are losing popularity everywhere 　　3． Legalized Gambling 　　For： 　　1． it reduces taxes 　　2． it is a source of government revenue 　　3． it is gaining popularity in the world 　　4． it is an old practice dating back thousands of years 　　5． it is pleasurable (e.g., horse racing, casinos) 　　6． it is voluntary 　　7． many people play poker and mahjong 　　Against： 　　1． it is banned in most countries 　　2． it is condemned by most religions 　　3． it can become addictive 　　4． it encourages people to throw away their hard-earned savings 　　5． it teaches people not to work for money 　　6． it can destroy happy families 　　7． it can lead to suicide 　　8． it is easily controlled by the Mafia (e.g., bookmakers ) 　　4． City Life 　　For： 　　1． it is exciting 　　2． it attracts people from the countryside 　　3． it offers the best schools, hospitals, and stores 　　4． it offers many amenities (e.g., swimming pools, bowling alleys, and sports stadiums ) 　　5． it offers many chances of employment 　　6． its noise and overcrowding are hardly noticeable 　　7． cities have an efficient public transportation system 　　8． city planners can create a good living environment 　　9． crime can be found in the countryside as well 　　Against ： 　　1． it is unhealthy (e.g., water and air pollution ) 　　2． it is not a good environment for children 　　3． it is devoid of Nature and distinct seasons 　　4． it is noisy and dangerous 　　5． it makes people nervous and even neurotic 　　6． it has created awful slums 　　7． cities are overcrowded and expensive 　　8． many city dwellers long to return to the countryside 　　9． city housing projects are unpopular 　　5． Informing Patients Of Cancer 　　For： 　　1． patients want to know 　　2． it is wrong to hide the truth 　　3． it is not a shock for the patient but for his family 　　4． it gives the patient a chance to plan his last days 　　5． it is the patient' s body, not the doctor' s 　　6． doctors are for it (in the U. S.) 　　7． it allows a person to choose alternate means of treatment 
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<TD vAlign=top>[广告]: <a href="http://bbs.exue.com.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=36040&extra=page%3D1" target="_blank" >论坛常见问题解答，如果遇到问题请点这里</A>
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<TD align=right width="37%"><INPUT>繁"> <INPUT>简"> <SELECT> <OPTION value=12px selected>字体大小</OPTION> <OPTION value=12px>小</OPTION> <OPTION value=14px>中</OPTION> <OPTION value=16px>大</OPTION> <OPTION value=18px>特大</OPTION></SELECT></TD></TR></TABLE>14．Foreign Aid 　　For ： 　　1． it is humane 　　2． the rich should help the poor 　　3． all religions teach charity 　　4． it seeks to end poverty, disease, and illiteracy 　5． it can be used to help refugees and combat slavery 　　6． it is given by all advanced countries 　　7． it is supported by the Red Cross and the United Nations 　　8． it helped rebuild Japan and Germany 　　9． it increases world trade 　　10．it achieves political objectives 　　11．it promotes national security 　　Against ： 　　1． it is degrading to the recipient 　　2． it is never appreciated 　　3． it leads to feelings of inferiority 　　4． it limits the independence of developing countries 　　5． it subsidizes laziness 　　6． it often goes into the pockets of corrupt officials 　　7． it supports Third World dictatorships 　　8． it can be culturally damaging 　　9． it has divided the United Nations 　　10．the money should be spent at home for one' s own people 　　15．Divorce 　　For ： 　　1． it is the logical solution to a bad marriage 　　2． it allows both persons to seek happiness in a second marriage 　　3． it dates from as early as ancient Babylonia 　　4． it is legally recognized by most countries 　　5． it is accepted by most people 　　6． remarriage is a right 　　7． it is necessary in cases of adultery, alcoholism, desertion, drug addiction, and mental and 　　physical cruelty 　　8． children are better off living with one parent than with both in an unhappy environment 　　9． feminists support it 　　Against ： 　　1． it breaks up the family 　　2． it makes it too easy for two persons to walk out of their marriage 　　3． it is opposed by various religions 　　4．it is banned by some countries 　　5． it was uncommon until fifty years ago 　　6． marriage is a serious responsibility 　　7． it is a sign of immaturity 　　8． counseling is the solution 　　9． it harms children emotionally 　　10．children need both parents 　　11．child custody decisions are messy 　　16．Compulsory Military Service 　　For ： 　　1． it aims to strengthen national defense 　　2． it teaches young men discipline 　　3． it builds character and physical fithess 　　4． it teaches valuable skills 　　5． it nurtures a spirit of comradeship an equality 　　6． it offers opportunities for overseas travel 　　7． it exists in many countries (e.g., Switzerland, Singapore) 　　8． it reduces unemployment 　　9． it instills a sense of patriotism 　　Against： 　　1． it is unnecessary in view of today' s professional armies 　　2． it is a step away from peace 　　3． some countries have abolished it (e. g., the U.S., Japan) 　　4． today' s armies do not need unskilled manpower 　　5． it interrupts young men' s studies and careers 　　6． it is a useless experience 　　7． it is a source of slave labor 　　8． it results in bullying and conformity 　　9． it does not build character 　　10．it can cause mental disorders 　　11．military skills are useless in private industry 　　17．Voluntary Euthanasia 　　For ： 　　1． it is a basic right-the right to die 　　2． the Greek origin of the word euthanasia means "good death " 　　3． it allows one to die with dignity 　　4． it allows one to choose the time and place of death 　　5． it is logical and humane 　　6． it can be regulated with safeguards (e.g., the person must be rationally lucid) 　　7． it is painless 　　8． it is the solution to a terminal illness with suffering 　　9． the dying want it 　　10．some doctors will assist the patient to end his life 　　11．it recognizes death as a natural, biological process 　　12．doctor-assisted suicide is legal in Holland, under certain guidelines 　　Against ： 　　1． it is murder or suicide 　　2． it is illegal in most countries 　　3． most doctors oppose it 　　4． it is a first step to killing the old and infirm 　　5． it is irreversible in the event of a new cure 　　6． only God can end a life 　　7． most religions oppose it 　　8． suicide is always irrational 　　9． the dying are too sick to know what they want 　　10．the dying should look to hospices that dispense painkillers 　　11．it can be abused by greedy persons seeking an inheritance 　　18．Capital Punishment 　　For： 　　1． it frightens would-be criminals (acts as a deterrent ) 　　2． it serves as a just reward for killers 　　3． it lowers crime rates 　　4． it is more economical than a life sentence (saves the state money) 　　5． in rare cases it may lead to the death of an innocent person, but this cannot be helped 　　6． most countries practice it 　　7． killers should not be allowed to become hero-figures 　　8． a life sentence is never for life but for only a few years 　　9． killers are heartless and cruel and should not be protected by sociologists 　　Against ： 　　1． it frightens no one 　　2． it is motivated by revenge and not justice 　　3． it does not lower crime rates 　　4． it can lead to the death of an innocent person (a mistake) 　　5． it is a barbaric practice (hanging, electric chairs, gas chambers) 　　6． it is unjust because only God can take away life 　　7． the real solution to crime is the elimination of social injustices and rehabilitation 　　8． killers are often mentally ill and in need of medical treatment 　　9． the death penalty is being abandoned by many countries 　　 　　19．Trade Protectionism 　　For ： 　　1． industries need government protection 　　2． no nation can allow its industries to be destroyed 　　3． agriculture must be protected for national security reasons 　　4． real free trade doesn' t exist and never has 　　5． national security is more important than idealistic trade principles 　　6． it has made Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan prosperous 　　7． every nation ' s economy is shaped by its own culture 　　8． there are various forms of free-market economy 　　9． every nation should have an industrial policy 　　10．governments must provide jobs for their workers by whatever means 　　Against ： 　　1． it invites retaliation 　　2． it invites reciprocity based on a quid pro quo basis 　　3． it impedes world trade and prosperity 　　4． it hurts poor, underdeveloped countries 　　5． it leads to trade wars 　　6． it makes industries less competitive 　　7． it costs taxpayers large sums of money 　　8． it gives consumers less choice 　　9． it is denounced by most nations 　　10．it is based not just on high tariffs but also on government regulations, inspections, 　　　　　certification, and distribution 　　20．Nuclear Power 　　For： 　　1． it provides huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel 　　2． it is the best source of energy for countries without oil 　　3． the world' s supply of oil will be exhausted in 90 years 　　4． it already produces most of the energy needs of some countries 　　5． it could supply all the world' s electricity for millions of years if fully developed 　　6． it is safe if properly supervised 　　7． nuclear power plants create less air pollution than fossil-fuel power plants 　　8． the issue has become far too emotional 　　Against ： 　　1． it is too dangerous (e.g., Chernobyl accident) 　　2． most people are afraid of it 　　3． the world' s supply of uranium is fast decreasing 　　4． it is better to develop other sources of energy (e.g., fusion) 　　5． radioactive wastes cannot be disposed of 　　6． it can produce nuclear weapons for warfare 　　7． certain radical world leaders are trying to buy nuclear weapons 　　8． nuclear plants are expensive to build 　　9． the U.S. is slowly closing down its nuclear power plants 　　10．nuclear wastes can cause cancer</TD></TR></TABLE>

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