|
|
Phrases and Expressions 1.in other words 换句话说 2.in a sense 在某种意义上 3.at a stretch 连续不断地 4.to serve as 适合 5.to belong in 应归入（类别、范畴等） 6.in advance 1.在前面；2.预先 7.It goes without saying that 不言而喻，理所当然 8.for the sake of 为了…之好处；为了…的目的 |
|
重点词汇精讲 1.inspire： 鼓舞，使产生灵感 His qualities of leadership inspired his followers. 他的领袖风范激励着他的追随者。 The design of the car has inspired many imitations. 这辆轿车的设计引起了众多模仿。 2.fruitful： 有成果的，有收获的 派生词：fruit n.水果 3.theme ： 题目，主题 thematic 主体的 Does the conference have a central theme this year？ 今年大会有中心议题吗？ 4.handle： 柄，把手；运用，操纵；经营，管理 If you can‘t handle the job I’ll get someone else to do it. 如果你应付不了这个工作，我就让别人来做。 Who handles the marketing in your company？ 谁在你们公司里负责市场营销？ 词组： 1.in a sense ： 在某种意义上 She's right， in a sense， because we did agree to wait， but only until June. 她在某种意义上是对的，因为我们确实同意等待，但只等到六月。 2.at stretch ： 连续不断地，一口气地 at a stretch stretch v. 伸展 n. 一段连续时间 There's no way I could work for ten hours at a stretch. 我不可能连续不断地工作10个小时。 3.to serve as ：适合，用作 In the absence of anything better， the sofa would serve as a bed for a couple of nights. 在没有更好的东西情况下，这个沙发可以当作床睡几个晚上。 4.for the sake of ： 为了… 的目的； 为了 … 起见，由于 … 缘故 The company had decided to close down this department for the sake of economy. 为了节约，这个公司已经决定关闭这个部门。 We did it for convenience's sake. 我们是为了方便才这样做的。 |
|
II.课文分析 1.I can see three different types of composers in musical history， each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion. 本句分析：我认为音乐史上可以区分三种不同类型的作曲家，每种作曲家音乐创作手法也各有一定的不同。 in a … fashion ： 用…… 方式 The type that has fired public imagination most is that of the spontaneously inspired composer- the Franz Schubert type ，in other words. All composers are inspired， of course， but this type is more spontaneously inspired. Music simply wells out of him. He can‘t get it down on paper fast enough. You are almost tell this type of composer by his fruitful output. In certain months， Schubert wrote a song a day. Hugo Wolf did the same. 2.Music simply wells out of him. well v. 喷涌，涌出 In a sense， men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed composition. They invariably work best in the shorter forms. It is much easier to improvise a song than it is to improvise a symphony. It isn‘t easy to be inspired in that spontaneous way for long periods at a stretch. Even Schubert was more successful in handling the shorter forms of music. The spontaneously inspired man is only one type of composer， with his own limitations. 3.In a sense， men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed composition. 从一定意义上说，这些作曲家与其说是从某一音乐主题开始创作，不如说他们一开始就有一个完整作品成竹在胸。 not so much … as ： 与其… 不如… He is not so much a scientist as a poet. 与其说他是个科学家，不如说他是个诗人。 4.It isn‘t easy to be inspired in that spontaneous way for long period at a stretch. 连续很长时间使自己的灵感都处于不自主状态绝非易事。 at a stretch 一口气地，不休息地 Beethoven belongs to the second type-the constructive type， one might call it. This type serves as an example of my theory of the creative process in music better than any other， because in this case the composer really does begin with a musical theme. In Beethoven's case there is no doubt about it， for we have the notebooks in which he put the themes down. We can see from his notebooks how he worked over his themes -how he would not let them be until they were as perfect as he could make them. Beethoven was not a spontaneously inspired composer in the Schubert sense at all. He was the type that begins with a theme； makes it a preliminary idea； and upon that composes a musical work， day after day， in painstaking fashion. Most composers since Beethoven’s day belong to this second type. 5.belong to 属于，列入，是 … 的一员 Beethoven belongs to the second type-the constructive type. 贝多芬属于第二类作曲家 Most composers since Beethoven's day belong to this second type. 自Beethoven时代以来，大多数作曲家属于这第二种类型。（创造型） That dictionary belongs to me .那本词典是我的。 The third type of composer I can only call， for lack of a better name， the traditionalist type. Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category. They both are characteristic of the kind of composer who is born in a particular period of musical history， when a certain musical style is abut to reach its fullest development. It is a question at such a time of creating music in a well-known and accepted style and doing it in a way that is better than anyone has done it before you. 6.belong in 属于 … （一类）， 归入 …（范畴、环境、类别等） Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category. 像 Palestrina 和 Bach 这样的人属于此类范畴（传统型） Big dogs should belong in the country ， not the city. 大型犬（养）在农村而不是城市。 The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern. And even Bach， who composed forty-eight of the most various and inspired themes in his Well Tempered Clavichord， knew in advance the general formal mold that they were to fill. It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditionalist period nowadays. 7.The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. 传统主义类型的作曲家的创作开始于模式而不是主题 8.It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditionalist period nowadays. 不用说，我们现在已不是生活在传统主义的时期…… One might add， for the sake of completeness， a fourth type of composer -the pioneer type： men like Gesualdo in the seventeenth century， Moussorgsky and Berlioz in the nineteenth， Debussy and Edgar Varese in the twentieth. It is difficult to summarize the composing methods of so diversified a group. One can safely say that their approach to composition is the opposite of the traditionalist type. They clearly oppose conventional solutions of musical problems. In many ways， their attitude is experimental - they seek to add new harmonies， new sonorities， new formal principles. The pioneer type was the characteristic one at the turn of the seventeenth century and also at the beginning of the twentieth century， but it is much less evident today. 9.One might add， for the sake of completeness， a fourth type of composer -the pioneer type： 为了全面起见，还可以加上第四种类型——先锋型 for the sake of 为了 … 起见，由于 … 缘故 10.One can safely say that their approach to composition is the opposite of the traditionalist type. 可以有把握的说，他们创作的方法与传统主义者类型相反。 approach to 通往 … 的方法， approach v. n. 处理，探讨，方法，态度 |
|
语 法 语 序 一、语 序 主语用S表示，谓语用V表示；如果谓语动词为不及物动词，则用vi表示； 如果谓语为系动词（link），则后面跟表语，用C表示；如果谓语动词为及物动词， 则用vt表示，后面要跟宾语，用O表示。 （一）主语和谓语的位置 P.126 1.自然语序 主语+ 谓语 + 宾语或表语或状语 2.倒装语序（部分倒装、全部倒装） There are some books on the table. Do you have a book？ Have you ever seen the film？ （1）语法结构引起的倒装 a.由there， now， thus， then引起的某些句子。 b.由so， neither， nor 引出，表示前面所说的情况同样也适用于另一人或物的肯定句或否定句。 c.省略了if 的虚拟条件句。 d.在某些让步状语从句中。 e.在某些表示祝愿的句子中。 f.以never， little， not only，not until， hardly， scarcely， only 等表示否定或基本否定的词引出的句子中。 （2）为了表达效果修辞引起的倒装 （二）宾语的位置 P.130 a.宾语在多数情况下紧跟在谓语动词后面。如果有两个宾语，间接宾语通常放在直接宾语的前面。 b.当谓语动词加副词构成的短语动词（如： give up， carry on 等）担任时，如果宾语较短，特别是当宾语是代词时，一般插在短语动词之间。 c.在下列情况下宾语通常放在主语前面。 在特殊疑问句中，当宾语是由疑问词表示或修饰时。 在感叹句中，当宾语是由what 等词修饰时。 在从句中，当宾语由一个连接代词或关系代词表示或修饰时。 （三）定语的位置 P.132 定语有时放在它所修饰的词的前面，有时放在后面。 a.当定语由一个形容词或分词担任时，通常放在它所修饰的词的前面。 b.当定语由短语或从句担任时，一般放在它所修饰的词的后面。 c.当一个词由多个定语修饰时，要注意他们后面的前后顺序。 （四）状语的位置 P.134 a.修饰动词的状语多数放在这个动词的后面；如果这个动词带有宾语，状语就放在这个宾语的后面，若宾语较长，而状语较短，一般就把状语放在宾语的前面。 b.当一个动词同时由时间状语荷地点状语修饰时，时间状语一般放在地点状语之后 c.如果一个动词带有两个时间状语或地点状语，代表较小单位的状语通常放在前面 d.较长的状语一般放在较短的状语之后。 e.有时状语可插在主语和谓语之间。 二、分词独立结构（多用于书面语，分词在句中作时间、条件、伴随、原因状语） 1.分词隐含的逻辑主语与句子主语一致 When waiting for the bus ， we had a long talk . Hearing the news ， they all jumped with joy . If translated word by word ， the sentence will be meaningless. 2.分词隐含的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致（独立结构） The holidays being over， they began to do their work again . Her body， with hands and feet bound， was discovered by a hiker on March 17. with+名词＋过去分词 |
