First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries ?
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, oftherenough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where never patented at all but kept as secret processes . This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechancal industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
J. D. BERNAL The Social Function of Science New words and expressions生词和短语
secrecy（title）['si:krisi] n．秘密
process（1.7）['prəvses] n．过程
effectiveness（1.1）[i'fektivnis]n．成效，效力
patent（1.8）['peitənt]n．专利；v．得到专利权
inquiry（1.3）[in'kwaiəri]n．调查研究
agent（1.13）[n．情报人员
positive（1.6）['pɔzitiv]adj．确实的
Notes on the text课文注释
1weigh against，不利于……。
2in so far as…，就……而言。
3which are of such general and fundamental nature，其中 to be of有“具有”的意思。
Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: weigh heavily against (1.1); lack (1.2); effective contact (1.4); fundamental (1.6); processes (1.7); applies (1.9); trace (1.14); likely (1.14).
The paragraph段落
AWhich of these statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? Give reasons for your choice:
1The effectiveness of scientific research in industry is hampered by the general atmosphere of secrecy which surrounds it and by the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.
2Scientific research in industry is not very effective because big firms wish to keep so many processes secret.
3Many scientific processes in industry are kept secret until they can be patented．
BThe following sentences have been taken from lines 5-10．Arrange them in their correct order．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:
1The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.
2This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.
3Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.
4Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes.
5Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.
Key structures关键句型
AChange the form of the verbs in each of these sentences．Omit the words in italics．Do not refer to the passage until you have completed the exercise:
1One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which they carry it out．(11.1-2)
2They seek for a great many processes with complete secrecy until the stage at which they can take out patents．(11.7-8)
3Even more processes they never patent at all but keep as secret processes．(11.8-9)
4Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that they cannot mention the whole nature of the research．(1.10-11)
BGive the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in the following sentences．Do not refer to the passage until you have completed the exercise:
1In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in ______(carry) it out．(1.3)
2Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in ______(obtain) technical or scientific books from libraries．(11.11-12)
CComplete the following sentences using a verb after the words in italics:
1He was engaged in ______.
2He was prevented from ______.
3He insisted on ______.
4If you persist in ______.
DNote the position of not in this sentence:
It is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret．(ll.6-7)
Supply not in each of the following sentences:
1He told me to mention it to you.
2Please tell him to call in the morning.
3Didn't I beg you to write to him?
EWhat is the difference between these two sentences:
They are unwilling to enter their names as having taken out such and such a book.
They are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book, (11.12-13)
Write these sentences again using the correct form of have with the verbs in italics:
1We are going to decorate this room soon.
2I repaired this watch last year.
3Will you install the television in this room?
FNote that in the following sentence we may use the word lest in place of for fear:
Many firms are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book lest (or for fear) the
agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking．(11.11-14)
Write two sentences using lest and for fear.
Special difficulties难点
ANote the use of fellow in this phrase: ‘with their fellow scientists’ (1.4)．Write three sentences using fellow with the following words: men; students; workers.
BWrite sentences using the following phrases:
in so far as (1.3); often enough (1.4); to such an extent (1.11); the whole nature of (1.11).
CExplain the expressions in italics in the following sentences:
1In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out．(1.3)
2I think we can carry on without your help.
3The audience was completely carried away by the wonderful perfomance of the soloist.
4The government failed to carry through the new bill on housing in the House of Commons last night.
DWhat do you understand by the phrase in italics:
They are unwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book．(11.12-13)
Write a sentence using the phrase such and such.
Multiple choice questions多项选择题
Choose the correct answers to the following questions.
Comprehension理解
1Fear of industrial espionage ______.
a．leads to lack of freedom in scientific research
b．especially applies to scientific research of a general and fundamental nature
c．can lead to secrecy in scientific research
d．creates an atmosphere of distrust in business
2Which of these statements is true?
a．Some kinds of scientific research are ‘more secret’ than others.
b．All kinds of scientific research are top secret.
c．Firms never tell anyone anything about their scientific research.
d．Scientific research workers never speak to each other.
3Firms want to be sure ______.
a．they limit all those engaged in carrying out scientific research
b．that larger companies can't find out about their scientific research
c．they are working in an atmosphere of complete secrecy
d．they own the rights to intellectual property before they reveal what they're doing
4The possibility of making discoveries by accident ______.
a．make it difficult to obtain scientific books from libraries
b．encourages competition from other agents
c．increases the need for secrecy
d．means that every discovery has to be patented
Structure句型
5One is the general atmosphere of secrecy ______．(11.1-2)
a．which it is carried out
b．which is carried out
c．it is carried out
d．it is carried out in
6______ any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits - (1.3)
a．With regard to
b．As well as
c．Supposing that
d．To the extent that
7Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are ______ general that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret．(11.6-7)
a．such
b．so
c．so that
d．in order that
8They ______even more processes as secret processes．(11.8-9)
a．keep
b．kept
c．are kept
d．are keeping
Vocabulary词汇
9There is the ______of freedom of the individual research worker．(1.2)
a．loss
b．emptiness
c．absence
d．luck
10It naturally limits all those engaged in ______．(1.3)
a．performing it
b．involving it
c．betrothed to it
d．allowing it
11It is ______not to keep them secret．(11.6-7)
a．with their knowledge
b．on their account
c．in their best interests
d．for their benefit
12Sometimes the secrecy goes to such a ______that ..．(1.1.10-11)
