动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,无人称和数的变化,其构成为“to+动词原形”,否定式为“not to+动词原形”。它的用法十分灵活,在句中可作多种成分,号称“万能不定式”。
一、作宾语
1. 英语中有些动词,如want, hope, agree, decide, wish, would like, prefer等,常用动词不定式作宾语。例如:
They all want to play football after class. 他们课后都想踢足球。
2. 有些动词(短语)后面既可接动词不定式作宾语,又可接动名词作宾语,但所表达的意义不同,对此,应该弄清楚它们的区别。常见的这类动词(短语)有:
go on to do sth. 做完一件事后,继续做另一件事
go on doing sth. 继续做某事
remember / forget to do sth.
记住/忘记要做某事
remember/ forget doing sth.
记得/忘记曾做过某事
二、作宾语补足语
不定式做宾语补足语主要分为两种情况:带to和不带to(help后的宾补带不带to均可)。
当不定式跟在动词want, tell, ask, would like, wish, like, teach等后作宾语补足语时,不定式须带to。例如:
What do you want me to do for you? 你要我为你做什么?
2. 当不定式跟在动词feel, hear, listen to, see, make, let, have, watch, notice, look at等后作宾语补足语时,应省略to。例如:
I felt someone open my door. 我感觉有人开了我的门。
◎ 温馨提示:如果把这一类宾补省略to的主动句改为被动句时,须将省去的to补上。例如:
Mr. Green made Jim stay at home yesterday. (主动语态)
Jim was made to stay at home by Mr. Green yesterday. (被动语态)
三、作状语
动词不定式在句中可作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语等。例如:
He went home to see his mother. 他回家去看他妈妈了。(表目的)
He hurried to school only to find nobody there. 他匆匆忙忙地赶到学校,结果发现一个人也没有。(表结果)
The children laughed to see such a funny game. 孩子们看见这样有趣的游戏都笑了。(表原因)
◎ 温馨提示:不定式还可以跟在一些表语形容词happy, lucky, easy, difficult等后作状语。例如:
We’re very happy to work with you. 我们与你们合作感到很愉快。
四、作定语
动词不定式作定语通常放在被修饰名词的后面。例如:
We have a lot of work to do this evening. 今晚我们有许多家庭作业要做。
◎ 温馨提示:如不定式动词是不及物动词作定语时,其后须加一个适当的介词。例如:
Have you got a chair to sit on? 你有椅子坐了吗?
五、作表语
不定式常跟在系动词be等后作表语。例如:
Her hope is to be an English teacher. 她的愿望是当一名英语老师。
六、作主语
To give is much better than to receive. 给予远胜于接受。
◎ 温馨提示:不定式作主语时,为避免头重脚轻而常把不定式后置,用形式主语it代替,常见结构有“It’s+adj. / n. (for sb.)+to do”及“It+takes / took / will take sb.+some time+to do sth.”。例如:
It is good to see all my teachers and friends again. 又见到我所有的老师和朋友真是太好了。
It takes me half an hour to read English every morning. 我每天早晨用半个小时读英语。
七、: 省略to的情况
(1)Why not...?句型及would rather, had better等结构后。如:
You’d better get up early .你最好早点起床。
(2)作感官动词、使役动词(get除外)及help的宾补时,省略to; 被动语态时,不能省。
如:Who do you want to have do the job? 你想让谁干这件事?
(3) 动词不定式作表语,主语部分如果含有行为动词do,而表语又是解释do的精确含义时,to 可省可不省。
如:What I wanted to do then was (to) take back what I had said.我当时想做的就是收回我所说的话。
(4)介词but, except后接不定式作宾语时,如果介词前有行为动词do,那么介词后的不定式省略to,否则要带to。
如:I have no choice but to wait. 除了等待,我别无选择。
I have nothing to do but wait. 除了等待,我无事可做。(do为行为动词)
Do you have any choice but to wait? 除了等待,你还有别的选择吗?(do为助动词)
[一]考查动词不定式作主语
[精讲] 不定式作主语,而且可用it作形式主语,尤其当主语较长时。
[题例]
1. Is it always easier _______ friends than to keep them? (2005年甘肃省)
A. making B. make
C. to make D. made
2. It’s bad for your eyes _______ computer games too much. (2005年湘西)
A. plays B. to play
C. play D. playing}
3. It _______ Jack twenty minutes _______ the math problem yesterday. (2004年北京市东城区)
A. took, to work out
B. takes, to work out
C. has taken, work out
D. is taking, working out
[答案]1. C 2. B 3. A。
[二]考查动词不定式作宾语
[精讲] hope, wish, expect, pretend, plan, decide, seem等动词后必须用不定式作宾语;stop(停下来去做某事),remember(记住要做某事),forget (忘了要做某事),try(尽力去做某事),regret(对未做之事表示遗憾),go on (继续做不同之事),mean (打算做某事),need, want (主语需做某事)等词后边只能接不定式作宾语。
[题例]
1. When you leave, don’t forget _______ off the light. (2005年漳州市)
A. to turn B. turning
C. turn D. turned
2. Please show me the watch that you want _______. (2005年烟台市)
A. it repaired
B. to have repaired
C. to have it repaired
D. to repair it
3. Who do you think you’d like _______? (2005年包头市)
A. to let to go B. letting to go
C. to let go D. let go
4. Although Jeff loves KFC (肯德基炸鸡), he tries _______ it too often. (2005年岳阳市)
A. to eat B. not eat
C. to not eat D. not to eat
[答案] 1. A 2.B 3.C 4.D
[三] 考查动词不定式作状语
[精讲] 不定式常作目的状语,其否定式为not to do, 此时也可用于一些固定搭配中构成不定式目的状语复合形式,如:in order(not) to do, so as(not) to do, 不定式及不定式复合形式也可提至句首(不含so as to do或so as not to do)进行强调。
[题例]
1. — Mum, I’m hungry.
— What about going to McDonald’s _______ fried chicken? (2005年南通市)
A. eat B. to eat
C. eating D. and eat
2. Yesterday morning I got up early _______ be late for the exam. (2002年上海市)
A. in order to B. in order to not
C. so as not to D. so as to
[答案] 1.B 2.C。
[四]考查动词不定式作宾语补足语
[精讲] 不定式作宾语补足语多用于tell / ask / teach / order / warn / would like sb. (not) to do sth. 等短语之中。
[题例]
1. The teacher told the students _______ football on the street. (2005年桂林市)
A. played B. to play
C. not play D. not to play
2. Our maths teacher always tells us _______ make the same mistakes again. (2005年南京市)
A. don’t B. not
C. to not D. not to
3. My mother asked me _______ in bed. (2005年长沙市)
A. not read B. not to read
C. not reading
4. A: What did the man say over there?
B: He told us _______ any further. There is danger ahead. (2005年宁夏)
A. don’t go B. not go
C. to go D. not to go
[答案]1. D 2. D 3. B 4. D
[五] 考查动词不定式作定语
[精讲] 不定式作定语往往说明被修饰名词为不定式所表动作的逻辑主语、逻辑宾语或表示地点、工具等。
[题例]
1. — Hi, Betty. Shall we go swimming this Sunday?
— This Sunday? I am sorry, I have a lot of homework _______ this Sunday. (2005年威海市)
A. to do B. done
C. do D. to be done
2. — What about going swimming with me?
— Sorry. I have a lot of home work _______. (2005年新疆)
A. to do B. done
C. do D. to be done
[答案] 1. A 2. A
[六] 考查“疑问词+不定式”作主语、宾语、表语
[精讲] 此时可换成相应的连接词引导的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。
[题例]
1. John asked David how _______ Christmas. (2005年呼和浩特市)
A. celebrating
B. to celebrate
C. to be celebrated
D. celebrated
2. — Could you tell me _______ to have the meeting tonight?
— At the meeting room on the third floor. (2005年河南省)
A. why B. how
C. when D. where
[答案] 1. B 2. D
[七]考查动词不定式不带to的场合
[精讲] 不定式通常都带to, 但使役动词、感官动词后面接不定式作宾语补足语时不带to(用于被动语态作主语补足语时应带to)。另外,有些固定搭配也不带to, 如:would rather do sth., had better / best do sth. , why (not) do sth. 等。
[题例]
1. Internet bars shouldn’t let people under 18 in or let anybody _______ bad things. (2005年哈尔滨市)
A. watch
B. to watch
C. watches
2. Jack is very funny. He always makes us _______. (2005年长春市)
A. laugh B. laughing
C. to laugh D. laughs
3. The heavy snowstorm made the mountain climber _______ half-way. (2005年上海市)
A. stop B. to stop
C. stopping D. stopped
4. — You look tired. You had better _______ right now.
— Thank you. But I have much work to do. (2005年福州市)
A. not to have a good sleep
B. to have a good sleep
C. not have a good sleep
D. have a good sleep
5. — John, will you please ____ the blackboard now? It’s your duty.
— OK. (2005年贵阳市)
A. not clean B. not to clean
C. to clean D. clean
6. Could you please _______ such thing again? (2005年西宁市)
A. not to do B. don’t do
C. not do D. not doing
[答案] 1. A 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.C
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