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[推荐]【研英】备战07考研--长难句分析

发布者: 冈仁波齐 | 发布时间: 2006-4-21 20:32| 查看数: 21124| 评论数: 18|

翻译涉及到词汇、语法、句子结构剖析，表达方式等各方面知识。翻译的过程是个创作过程，严格意义上讲它要求达到“信”、“达”、“雅”的标准。但从研究生入学考试角度而言，一般只要求做到“忠实”、“通顺”即忠实于原作的内容及风格；译文必须通顺易懂，符合汉语表达习惯。翻译有直译和意译之分，直译要求译文与原文在词语、语法结构及表达方式上保持一致，而意译则要求摆脱原文形式的束缚而传达原文的内容。但实际翻译中，没有绝对的直译和绝对的意译。相反，直译基础上的意译更接近原文而又符合汉语习惯。但纵观历届考生试卷，许多考生在翻译这一项得分不高。许多考生做此项题的最大感受是心理明白英文意思，可就是不能用汉语准确表达出来。这主要是因为考生平时在此方面训练得少，没有掌握英译汉基本技巧。
◆定语从句
 关系代词引导的定语从句:
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致.
 1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。 例如： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想要见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
 2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.　 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
 3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）

关系副词引导的定语从句:关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。 例如： There are occasions when （on which） one must yield.　 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
 2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。 例如： His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born.　 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

◇限制性和非限制性定语从句 
 1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。 例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
 2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。 例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理•史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
 3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。 例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

◇as, which 非限定性定语从句: 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 例如： As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。

◇先行词和关系词二合一 
 1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）
2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. （what 可以用all that代替）

◇关系代词that 的用法 
 1）不用that的情况
a）引导非限定性定语从句时。 例如： （错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b）介词后不能用。 例如： We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。
2）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b）在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c）先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。　 
d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that．
e）先行词既有人，又有物时。 例如： All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

今天的练习：请翻译下列三个句子。
 1、We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.
2、Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic strip, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.
3、We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life．

注明：以上资料是ZT的HJ英语，并非用于商业用途，只用于英语爱好者学习！

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-4-22 11:45:44编辑过]

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冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-4-21 20:37:46

1、We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome. 

解析：此句中有个who引导的定语从句修饰前面的“those patients”，我们要用合成翻译法把who引导的定语从句变成一个前置性定语来修饰“patients”。
所以此句话可译为：给我们留下极深印象的是：即使那些没有被告知严重病情的病人，对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的。但是，当定语从句较长时，如果翻译成位置的定语，就会不符合汉语表达的习惯。在此种情况下，往往把该定语从句用转换法把翻译成并列的分句或作插入语，放在原来它所修饰词后面。
 2、Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic strip, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.
解析：本句句架为Smart cards, which…，are already widely used in European countries where…。 Which为关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，修饰Smart cards; where为关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰countries。
所以此句话可译为：载有的信息量是普通磁卡信息载量80倍的智能卡已经在欧洲各国广泛使用，因而使各国中央银行得以在全国范围展开新型的服务。
 3、We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
解析：which work…satisfaction是定语从句，其中的work是从句中的主语，关系代词which指程度，that引导的定语从句that can make the difference between a full and an empty life修饰the psychological satisfaction。
所以此句话可译为：我们不了解工作使我们的心理满足达到什么程度，而这种心理满足程度是区分充实与空虚的重要标志。

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-4-21 20:40:22编辑过]

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-4-21 20:38:34

◆倒装 
◇倒装句之全部倒装： 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1）here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。 例如：Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。
2）表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 例如：Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机下部下窜出一枚导弹。 Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 例如：Here he comes. 他来了。　Away they went. 他们走开了。
 ◇倒装句之部分倒装: 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1）句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。 例如： Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。 Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。 Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。 注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 例如：I have never seen such a performance.
2）以否定词开头作部分倒装:Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等，要倒装。 例如：Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。 No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。 注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如Not only you but also I am fond of music。
3）so, neither, nor作部分倒装:用这些词表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。 例如：Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。 　　If you won't go, neither will I.你不去，我也不去。 注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。 例如： 　 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。 　 It's raining hard.---So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。
 ◇only在句首倒装的情况。 例如： Only in this way, can you learn English well. 只有这样，你才能学好英语。 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次，他才来参加会议。 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。 例如：Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。
 ◇as, though 引导的倒装句: as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。但需注意：
1）句首名词不能带任何冠词。 2）句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。 如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 例如：Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力，但总不能让人满意。 注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
 ◇其他部分倒装 
1）so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。 例如：So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很，动也不敢动。 2）在某些表示祝愿的句型中。 例如：May you all be happy. 愿你们都快乐。 3）在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。 例如：Were I you, I would try it again. 我是你的话，就再试一次。
◆ 本期练习，翻译下面三个句子。
1、 So perilous was this one that he was the only security officer on the site. 2、 Lonely was seeing his daughter only twice a week since the divorce. 3、 Not since Americans crossed the continent in covered wagons have they exercised and dieted as vigorously as they are doing today.

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-4-21 20:39:45编辑过]

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-4-21 20:40:53

1、So perilous was this one that he was the only security officer on the site. 

分析：句子原来的结构this one was so perilous……，因为把so perilous放在句首，所以主谓道装。
参考译文：作现场唯一的保安员，这差使确实有点危险。
 2、Lonely was seeing his daughter only twice a week since the divorce. 分析：完全倒装句。主语：Seeing his daughter……divorce，翻译变化语序。
参考译文：他只觉得离婚后每周只能看女儿两次使他感到孤独。
3、Not since Americans crossed the continent in covered wagons have they exercised and dieted as vigorously as they are doing today. 
分析：否定词Not接since引导的状语从句开头，所以句子部分倒装。正常语序：Since Americans crossed the continent in covered wagons，they have not exercised and dieted as vigorously as they are doing today.
参考译文：自从美国人乘坐篷车横穿大陆以来，他们还没有哪个时期象今天这样起劲地锻炼身体和节食。

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-4-21 20:42:27

★虚拟语气 (1)虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。 (2)条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 ◆真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表：条件从句：一般现在时 主句：shall/will + 动词原形或者祈使句或者情态动词一般现在时 例如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。 注意:表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。 ◆非真实条件句 1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。 a. 与现在事实相反的假设 条件从句: 一般过去时（be用were） 主句: could（would）等 +动词原形 例如：If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。 b. 与过去事实相反的假设 条件从句: 过去完成时 主句: should（would）等+ have+ 过去分词 例如：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 翻译：如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。 c. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想 条件从句：一般过去时（were+ 不定式） 主句： should/would等 + 动词原形（should+ 动词原形） 例如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。 ◆混合条件句 有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。 例如：If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 翻译：如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。 （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） 例如：If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）. 翻译：如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。 ◆虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时, 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。 例如：Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us. 翻译：他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。 例如：Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 翻译：你来得早一点，就碰到他了。 例如：Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved. 翻译：假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。 注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。 例如：If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。 例如：If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。 ◆特殊的虚拟语气词should 1）在主语从句中的应用：It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。 句型：It is+（suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等）或者（important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等）或者（a pity, a shame, no wonder等）+ that（should）do 2）在宾语从句中的应用：在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。 例如：I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 翻译：我建议下周召开个会议。 注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 例如：（错） You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill. （对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill. 3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用：suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。 例如：My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference. 翻译：我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。 ◆wish的用法 1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为： #从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为 were）~~主句：现在时~~从句：过去时 #从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词）~~主句：过去时~~从句：过去完成时 #将来不大可能实现的愿望~~主句：将来时~~从句： would/could +动词原形 例如：I wish I were as tall as you.　翻译：我希望和你一样高。 例如：He wished he hadn't said that. 翻译：他希望他没讲过那样的话。 2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do。 例如： I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 翻译：我希望见一见经理。 ◆It is （high） time that 用法： It is （high） time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。 例如：It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。 ◆need "不必做"和"本不必做" 1）didn't need to do表示过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。 2）needn't have done表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。 例如：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 翻译：约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。 例如：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 翻译：约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。（Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John的车。） 

 练习（本期1、2题选择并解释选择理由，3题查阅资料回答，最好附例句）
1、 There was plenty of time. She ___. A. mustn't have hurried　 B. couldn't have hurried　　C. must not hurry　 D. needn't have hurried 2、_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I　　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I 3、比较if only与only if 的含义和用法。

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-4-21 20:42:55

1、答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。翻译：时间很充裕。她本不必着急。 2、答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说 Weren't I to do。 3、only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。 例如：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 翻译：只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。 例如：If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　 翻译：当时闹钟响就好了。 例如：If only he comes early.　　　　　　　 翻译：但愿他早点回来。

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-4-21 20:44:58编辑过]

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-4-21 20:47:28

主讲：独立主格 ◆独立主格结构的构成： 名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词； 名词（代词）+形容词； 名词（代词）+副词； 名词（代词）+不定式； 名词（代词） +介词短语构成。　 独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 例如： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　 天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 ◆with的复合结构作独立主格：表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。 例如： He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 他举手着站在那儿。 ◇注意: 1）独立主格结构使用介词的问题：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。 例如： A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. （hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。 2）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。 例如： He laid there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。 练习：【1、2选择理解，3翻译（答案附具体评分标准，请认真翻译）】 1、The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied　 B. having tied　　C. to be tied　　D. tied　　 2、Weather___, we'll go out for a walk. A permitted　 B permitting　 C permits　 D for permitting 3、There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. （2001真题）

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-4-21 20:48:03

答案：
1:A 2:B 3:将会出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目，以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦 这些汽车排污超标，监控器就会使其停驶。

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-4-21 20:49:04

考研英译汉中常见的重要短语及典型句型（2-1） 

1．几个常用的连接短语
(1) ... not so much... as (but) ... 与其说……还不如说……
(2) ... not so much that...as (but) that... 与其说……还不如说……
(3) ... not so much as... (=not even) 甚至于不……，连……也不……
(4) ... might as well ... as... 与其说……还不如说……
[例1] He is not so much a teacher as a scholar.
[译文] 与其说他是老师，还不如说是学者。（注意翻译时动作的对象）
[例2] It wasn't so much his appearance I liked as his personality.
[译文] 与其说我喜欢他的外表，不如说我喜欢他的品格。
[例3] It's not so much that I don't want to come but I just haven't got the time.
[译文] 倒不是因为我不想来，而是我根本没有时间。
[例4] He didn't so much as say thank you after all we'd done for him.
[译文] 我们为他干了那么多事，他甚至连谢谢都没有说一声。
[例5] You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.
[译文] 与其将钱借给他，还不如把钱丢进大海。（注意翻译时动作的对象）
注意] more ... than ...
1) she is more beautiful than her sister. 她比她姐姐漂亮。
2) George is more intelligent than aggressive. 与其说乔治言行放肆，不如说他聪颖过人。
以上第1)句是more... than结构的一般用法，即在两个不同的事物之间就同一方面作比较；而第2)句是就同一个人的两个不同方面作比较。因此要译成“与其说……还不如说……”。
more...than结构在上述1) 2)两句中的用法也适用于less ... than结构，得出相反的含义：
例如：
1) John is less daring than quick-witted. 与其说约翰胆大，不如说他脑子灵活。
2) George was less intelligent than aggressive. 与其说乔治聪颖过人，不如说他言行放肆。
2．几个不定代词的固定搭配：
(1) have none of 不参加；不准；不接受
I will have none of your stupid ideas! 我才不接受你那愚蠢的想法！
He was offered a job but he said he’d have none of it. 他有一个工作机会，但他说他不接受。
(2) none but (=nothing but) 只有 (=only)
None but the brave deserves the fair. 只有英雄才配得上美人。
She chose none but the best. 她只选最好的。
She is nothing but a child. 她只不过是个孩子。
(3) none other than（表示惊讶）不是别人，正是…… (= no one else but)
It’s none other than Tom! We thought you were in Africa.
(4) none the +比较级词+ for 毫不，一点也不
He spent 2 weeks in hospital but he’s none the better for it.
他在医院里待了两个星期，但一点也没好转。
My car is none the worse for wear. 我的车子一点也没有损耗。
(5) none the wiser 不知情
If we take only one piece of cake, mother will be none the wiser.
如果我们只拿一小块蛋糕，母亲是不会知道的。
(6) none too (在形容词或副词前) 不太；一点都不
The service in this restaurant is none too fast. 这家旅馆的服务一点效率都没有。
(7) anything but ①除---之外什么都（此处的but等于except）②决不(=not at all)
I eat anything but (except) fish. 除了鱼，我什么都吃。
She is anything but a good cook. 她决不是个好厨师。(即：除了好厨师，她什么都是。)
(8) anything of ①（疑问句/条件句）一点点；②（否定句）一点也（没有）
Is he anything of a poet? 他有一点点诗人的样子吗？
I haven’t seen anything of him lately. 最近我没有见过他。
(9) for anything (否定句)（给什么都）不，决不
I won’t go there for anything. 我决不去那里。
(10) or anything（意味着还有其他的可能性）
If Bernard wants to call me or anything, I’ll be here all day. 
如果伯纳德要找我或什么的，我整天都会在这儿。
(11) if anything 若有任何不同的话
If anything, my new job is harder than my old one. 
要说有什么不同的话，我的新工作反而比旧工作要难些。
(12) or something 或什么的（表示说话者不能肯定）
She is a stewardess or something. 她是空姐或什么的。
(13) something like 有点像，大约
An airship is shaped something like a cigar. 飞船的形状有点像雪茄。
(14) something of a ... 多少有点，有几分像，略懂
he’s something of a book collector. 他有几分像书籍收藏家。
(15) something to / in（叙述等）有些道理
There’s something to / in what you say; I’ll take your advice. 
你说的有些道理，我会接受你的建议
(16) have / be something to do with 与……有关
I think Guy Fawkes had / was something to do with a plan to blow up the bridge.
我想盖佛克跟图谋炸毁桥梁有关。
(17) nothing but (= none but = only) 仅仅，只不过
We could see nothing but fog. 除了雾之外我们什么也看不见。
(18) for nothing ①免费的；②徒劳的；③无缘无故的
She got the ticket for nothing. 她免费得到那张票。
All our preparation for nothing! No one’s even come to the party. 
我们为宴会所作的准备都白费了! 连一个人都没来。
They quarreled for nothing. 他们无缘无故地争吵。
(19) make nothing of (常和can一起用)不理解；不重视,轻视 (= think nothing of)
I could make nothing of the passage. 我不理解这篇文章。
He makes / thinks nothing of working ten hours a day. 他不在乎一天工作十小时。
(20) to say nothing of 更不用说（= not to mention / without mentioning）
Three people were badly hurt, to say nothing of damage to the building. 
三个人受了重伤，建筑物的损害更不用说了。
(21) have nothing to do with 与……无关
I have nothing to do with the accident. 我与这场事故无关。
(22) nothing if not 格外地；非常地 (= very / much / extremely)
He was nothing if not clever. (= He was very clever.) 他格外聪明。
(23) nothing of 无……的部分；无……的气质
There was nothing of the lady in her behavior. 她的举止根本没有淑女的气质。
几个区别：
all but 几乎，差一点，除……以外其余都是
but for 要不是
but that+从句若不是……
[例1] She all but fainted when she heard the news.
[译文] 她听到这一消息时几乎晕倒了。
注：此句中a11 but意为nearly，almost。
试对比：All but the little children thought that the trip was exciting．
[译文] 除了小孩，大家都认为这次旅行是激动人心的。（此句中all but意为a11 except。）
[例2] But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey.
[译文] 要不是下雨，我们的旅行本来是愉快的。
[例3] He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.
[译文] 若不是他那时缺钱，他是会帮助我们的。
[注意] 1)．but that引导的从句中谓语用陈述语气。2)．but that有灵活的译法。如：Nothing would satisfy that child but that I place her on my lap．(那孩子什么都不要，只要我把她抱在怀里。)
3．“名词+or+名词”结构中or后的名词是同位语，应译为“即……；或者称……”
[例1] Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.
[译文] 再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而动用这些技艺并不一定都需要机器。
4．“only + to do”意为“……，结果却……”，即表示与句子谓语动作的目的相反的结果。
[例1] They don't have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing. 
[译文] 他们不必花钱去戏院、电影院或歌剧院买价格很贵的票，（如果去了）结果却可能发现，所演的节目令人失望。 
[例2] They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled. 
[译文] 他们匆匆忙忙赶到那儿，结果却发现会议被取消了。
5．not more / -er than 与 no more / -er than 结构
比较：
John is not better than Tom.
John is no better than Tom.
前一句表示“约翰不比汤姆好”，属于普通的比较结构；后一例用了no 情况就不同了。no better than 相当于as bad as，含义是两人一样坏。这里，“no + 形容词或副词比较级 + than”所表示的可以说是该形容词或副词的反意。
例如： no richer than = as poor as 和……一样穷
no bigger than = as small as 和……一样小
no later than = as early as 和……一样早
同样地：
I have not taken more than six courses this semester.
I have taken no more than six courses this semester.
前一句的含义是本学期选的课不多于六门；后一句的含义是只选了六门。强调“少”。
上述结构与表示前后都否定的no more...than (= not...any more than)又有所不同：
例：A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.（鲸和马同样不是鱼。）
另外，在某些结构中，单独使用more than 也能表示否定概念：
[例1] That is more than I can tell. 我简直不能说。
[例2] My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing. 我去北京不仅仅是旅游观光而已。

 练习部分： 1.For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world.
 2.In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated person.
 3.True gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, then by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think.

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-4-21 20:50:39编辑过]

竹夭 发表于 2006-5-4 09:48:30

wo ding

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-5-12 15:59:30

【研英句法】备战07考研--长难句分析（第6期） 考研英译汉中常见的重要短语及典型句型（2-2） 

6．no more...than... (= not...any more than) 和……—样都不……(表示前后都否定) [例1] The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. 心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。 [例2] There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink． [译文] 他们没有理由限制你服用多少维他命，就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。 [例3] More and more Afro-Americans see him as a tricky enemy who has no more love for them than he has for the Congolese． [译文] 越来越多的美国黑人认识到他是个诡计多端的敌人。他仇视美国黑人，正像他仇视刚果人民一样。(直译：…，他不爱美国黑人，正像他不爱刚果人一样。) 注释：not...any more than是no more...than的一种强调形式。 例如： 1) Jack is no more intelligent than John. (=Jack is not intelligent any more than John.) 杰克与约翰一样都不聪明。 2) A man can no more fly than a bird can speak. (=A man cannot fly any more than a bird can speak.) 人不会飞翔，就像鸟不会说话一样。 3) As a nation, the French are no more eager to 1earn about their wartime failings than are the Japanese. (=As a nation，the French are not eager to learn about their wartime failings any more than are the Japanese.) 作为一个国家，法国正如日本一样不积极地从他们的战争失败中吸取教训。 上述例句表明，no more...than并不表示比较，而是表示比喻，含有比喻意义的比较级用于否定时，than后面的从句不用否定式，但译成汉语时要用否定式。而与上述句型意义相反的是：no less...than，意为：“和……同样是……”。例如： Human is no less an animal than a monkey is. 人和猴都是动物。 而no less than 的意思为：“简直是，实在是”，例如： 1) It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price. 如此索要高价，简直是敲诈。 2) It is no less than a scandal. 这实在是一件丑闻。 7．not nearly (=by no means，far from) 远不 [例1] The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. [译文] 食品供应将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正面临危机。 注：1) this是指上面提到的“到21世纪初世界人口将增加到60亿或70亿”。2) 又如：There are not nearly enough people here to do the job．(这里的人手远远不够承担这项工作。) 8．“更不用说”的表示法： much less still less 以上两短语引导的词组或从句，表示一种追加的否定，less是由little的比较级，所以这两个词组只能用于否定句中，可译为“更不用说，更不必说”。 to say nothing of not to speak of not to mention let alone 这四个词组也意为 “更不用说”，也是一种追补的说法。但它们与much less和still less有所不同。这些词组可以随前一句的意思而定，即前一句是肯定，则追加的也是肯定意义；如果前一句是否定，则追加的是否定意义 [例1] I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings. [译文] 我不能同意这种行为，更谈不上参加这些行动了。 [例2] He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry． [译文] 他几乎不懂数学，更不用说化学了。 [例3] I did not even see him, still less (= much less) shake hands with him. [译文] 我看也没有看见过他，哪里还谈得上同他握手呢? [例4] In old China, here was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry. [译文] 在旧中国，几乎没有什么机器制造工业，更不用说电子工业了。 [例5] Sally takes singing and dancing lessons, to say nothing of swimming and tennis lessons. [译文] 莎莉学了唱歌和舞蹈课，而且还学了游泳和网球课。 [例6] At that time they could not afford the ordinary comforts of life, not to speak of luxuries. [译文] 那时他连普通生活都不能维持，更不要说奢侈品了。 [例7] They have three fine sons, not to speak of their two 1ovely daughters. [译文] 他们有了三个好儿子，而且还有两个可爱的女儿。 [例8] I don't know algebra or geometry，not to mention calculus． [译文] 我连代数、几何都不懂，更不必说微积分了。 [例9] A11 they have to do is press a button，and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. [译文] 他们所要做的只是按一下电钮，就能看到各种戏剧、电影、歌剧和各式各样的演出，而且还能看到各种政治辩论和最近举行的激动人心的足球赛。 [例1] I can't add two and two, let alone do fractions. [译文] 我连2加2都不会，更不要说做分数题了。 注意：美国成语词典认为let alone只能用于追加的否定。但是，有的词典认为，该短语也可以引导追加的肯定。例如：There were five people in the car, let alone the luggage and the two dogs. 9．nothing else than 完全是，实在是 [例1] What the man said was nothing else than nonsense. [译文] 那人讲的话完全是一派胡言。 [例2] Your success was due to nothing else than your own diligence. [译文] 你的成功完全是由于你自己的勤奋。 10．It is not that...but that... 这不是说……，而是说…… [例1] It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. [译文] 这并不是说在一种情况下所使用的磅秤和另一种情况下所用的天平在构造原理上或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更加准确。 11．can not...too... 再……也不过分 [例1] We cannot be too careful of health. 我们无论如何注意健康也不为过。 [例2] You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 你开车时再小心也不过分。 [例3] We can not be too faithful to our duties. 我们必须尽力忠于职守。 12．other...than... 或other than... 不同于，非；除了 例l: Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined. [译文] 提炼矿石的厂房通常不是设在采矿石的国家而设在其它国家。 [例2] Reactions other than the desired one often occur when reactants are brought together. [译文] 当这些反应物放在一起时，常发生不希望有的一些反应。(即：…常发生与希望有的反应不同的反应。) [例3] All parts of the house other than the windows were in good condition. [译文] 除了窗之外，屋子的其它部分都完好无损。 13． ... the last + n. + 不定式或定语从句：意为“…最不可能的……” [例1] She would be the last person to go along with the scheme. [译文] 她可能会是最不同意这项计划的人。 [例2] That's the last thing I'd expect you to do. [译文] 那是我最不期望你做的事情。 14．It is asserted that．．．有人断言．．． It is believed that．．．据认为．．．．，人们相信．．．． It is considered that．．．有人认为．．． It is reported that．．．据报道．．． It is said that．．．据说．．．． It is supposed that．．．据推测．．． It is told that．．．据传．．． It appears that看来似乎．．．，好像．．． It is well known that．．．众所周知．．． It is estimated that．．．据估计．．． It was pointed out that．．．有人指出．．． It is generally accepted that．．．人们通常认为．．．，一般认为．．．，大家公认．．． It is alleged that．．．人们断言．．． It is claimed that．．．有人主张．．．，人们要求．．． It cannot be denied that．．．不可否认 It has been found that．．．实践证明 It is predicted that．．．据估计．．．，据预测．．． It is suggested that．．．有人建议．．． 15．It goes without saying that．．．不言而喻，…… 例：It goes without saying that in order to speak good English, we must first of all learn good pronunciation. [译文] 不言而喻，为了讲好英语，首先必须学好发音。 16．It is common knowledge that… 众所周知，…… 例：It is common knowledge now that Chinese people are very intelligent. [译文] 众所周知，中国人和很聪明。 17．It occurs to sb. that… (某人) 想起…… [例1] It occurred to me suddenly that I had met him somewhere. [译文] 我突然想起在什么地方见过他。 [例2] It occurred to me that she was jealous of me. [译文] 我突然发觉她嫉妒我。
练习： 1.Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings. 2.The rational position for her would be suspension of judgement, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which she feels the most inclination. 3.That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into teal contact with her own mind.

fangzhichang 发表于 2006-5-30 01:35:51