malign: suggests a specific and often subtle misrepresentation but may not always imply deliberate lying: the most ~ed monarch in British history.
traduce: stresses the resulting ignominy and distress to the victim: so ~d the governor that he was driven from office. (ignominy身败名裂、耻辱: ig表没有，nom表名字，字面意思失去名字，注意不要写成ignomity)
asperse: implies a continued attack on a reputation often by indirect or insinuated detraction: each candidate ~d the other's motives. (detract批评: de向下，tract拉牵引，字面意思向下拉)
vilify: implies an attempting to destroy a reputation by open and direct abuse: no president was more ~ied by the press.
caluminate: imputes malice to the speaker and falsity to his or her assertion: threatened with a lawsuit for publicly ~ing the company.
defame: stresses the actual loss of or injury to a good name: forced to pay a substantial sum for ~ing her reputation.
slander: stresses the suffering of the victim from oral or written calumniation: town gossips carelessly ~ed their good name.
libel: implies the printing or writing and publication or circulation of something that defames a person or his or her reputation: sued the magazine for ~.
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