[推荐] 考研英语时文阅读（新东方篇）

发布者: 冈仁波齐 | 发布时间: 2006-5-14 09:24| 查看数: 19797| 评论数: 10|

<DIV class=content>
<CENTER>The European Court sides with Levi Strauss in its battle with Tesco </CENTER>
IT WAS a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by America's Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit: Levi's jeans, just like Gucci handbags, must be allowed to be expensive.
Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe--a service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15,000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week, for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks "creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance".
The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.
Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss, which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again.
注（1）：本文选自Economist; 11/24/2001, Vol. 361 Issue 8249, p58, 1/2p
注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象2001年真题text 5（其中因2001年真题text 5只有4个题目，所以本文第5题模仿参照对象为1999年 Text 1的第4题。）
1. Which of the following is not true according to Paragraph 1?
[A]Consumers and free traders were very angry.
[B]Only the Levi’s maker can decide the prices of the jeans.
[C] The ruling has protected Levi’s from price dumping.
[D] Levi’s jeans should be sold at a high price .
2. Gucci’s success shows that _______.
[A]Gucci has successfully saved its own image.
[B] It has changed its fate with its own effort.
[C]Opening its own stores is the key to success.
[D] It should be the court’s duty to save its image.
3. The word “specious”(line 12, paragraph 2) in the context probably means _______.
[A]responsible for oneself
[B] having too many doubts
[C] not as it seems to be
[D]raising misunderstanding
4. According to the passage, the doomed fate of Levi’s is caused by such factors except that ________.
[A]the rivals are competitive
[B]it fails to command premium prices
[C]market forces have their own rules
[D]the court fails to give some help
5. The author’s attitude towards Levi’s prospect seems to be _______.
[A] biased
[B] indifferent
[C] puzzling
[D] objective
答案：B B C D D
篇章剖析
本文的结构形式为提出问题----分析问题。在第一段首先提出问题,指出欧洲法庭对特易购超市做出的裁决。第二段指出当事方对同一事件的不同看法和解释。第三段指出争论的核心问题在于是否应该借助法庭达到一些商业目的，并以古奇（Gucci）为例说明答案为否定。第四段对利维（Levi’s）的前景做出了评价和分析。
词汇注释
seethingadj.沸腾的, 火热的
foul adj.下流的，粗俗的：
segment v.分割
innovation n.改革, 创新
specious adj. 似是而非的; 似乎正确的，但实际却是谬误的
arbitrage v. 套汇, 套利交易
with a vengeance 猛烈地;极度地
licensing n.注册登记
discount n.折扣
resort vi.求助, 诉诸
premium n.额外费用, 奖金, 奖赏, 保险费, (货币兑现的)贴水
难句突破
1.Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice.
主体句式：Levi Strauss persuaded that …
结构分析：that之后是一个宾语从句；by之后的句子做伴随状语来修饰宾语从句；宾语从句中which又引导了一个非限制性定语从句。
句子译文：利维•斯特劳斯公司使法庭相信特易购把利维牛仔服与皂粉，香蕉等放在一起廉价销售这一做法使其形象受损，品牌价位也因此受到了影响，这势必会使产品缺乏新意，最终减少消费者的选择。
题目分析
1．答案为B，属事实细节题。原文对应信息是“…should not be allowed … to sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker.”意思是“只有事先经过牛仔裤生产商的同意才能打折销售。”是否只有生产商才能决定价格，我们不得而知。
2．答案为B，属推理判断题。文中提到问题的实质是“whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this.”后又以古奇(Gucci) “saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.”为例，说明它的成功并不是诉诸法庭，而是通过自身的努力和尝试。
3．答案为C ，属猜词题。第二段开头提出了利维公司（Levi’s）对特易购（Tesco）的指责，后又提出了特易购的反驳意见，前后两者之间的观点应该是相反的。从而可猜出该词的含义。
4．答案为D，属推理判断题。原文对应信息是最后一段。
5．答案为D，属情感态度题。作者没有任何偏颇的阐述整个事件。
参考译文
法庭的裁决使消费者感到义愤填膺，很多自由贸易者也感到愤愤不平。11月20日，欧洲法庭对特易购(Tesco)这家英国连锁超市做出了判决，特易购不能通过欧盟之外的渠道进口利维•斯特劳斯公司生产的牛仔裤，并且没有事先经过牛仔制造商的同意，不能打折销售。具有讽刺意味的是，这项判决是根据欧盟商标法做出的，目的在于保护本地而非美国制造商免受价格倾销的纷扰。其观点是应该允许任何一家拥有自己品牌的公司给自己的产品定位，分属适合的市场，比如利维牛仔裤，它就应该象古奇(Gucci)牌手提包一样售价昂贵。
利维•斯特劳斯公司使法庭相信特易购把利维牛仔裤与皂粉，香蕉等放在一起廉价销售这一做法使其形象受损，品牌价位也因此受到了影响，这势必会使产品缺乏新意，最终减少消费者的选择。消费者和特易购却认为利维公司貌似有理实则不然。特易购认为它只是从美国和欧洲销售利维牛仔裤存在的价格差价中套利。这是一种在金融市场上天天都会进行上百万次，并使消费者真正受益的商业行为。特易购一周之内以低于利维•斯特劳斯公司授权专卖店一半的价格销售15，000条牛仔裤。负责特易购全球非食品类主管克里斯廷•克罗斯认为这一裁决会加大产生“欧洲堡垒”的风险。
这场争论还将继续下去，并且不单只局限于休闲服装（季诺•大卫多夫香水制造商也和利维•斯特劳斯联手诉讼）。这一问题实际上不在于品牌商品是否应该控制销售方式来维护其形象，而在于是否应该借助法庭来帮助它们达到这一目的。许可经营管理松散并且在折扣店里频频出现毁坏了古奇这一意大利品牌服饰的形象，但它并没有诉诸法庭，而是通过中止与第三方供应商的合同，更好的控制商品销售，以及开专卖店等方式挽救了自己的命运。现在已经很难找到打折销售古奇产品的地方了。
品牌专家认为利维•斯特劳斯公司正在逐步丧失市场占有率，而让步给Diesel这样的竞争对手,它的实力已不足以使它对溢价具有掌控能力。在市场机制的作用下，象利维这样的一般品牌很有可能会逐渐消失，被新的品牌所代替。由于法庭对其价格有保护作用，利维•斯特劳斯公司可能会多维持一段时间，但是法庭却无法帮它再成为知名品牌了。</DIV>

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冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-5-14 09:25:59

<DIV class=content>
<CENTER>Minority youths are more likely to face trial as adults </CENTER>
A WHITE KID SELLS A BAG OF COCAINE at his suburban high school. A Latino kid does the same in his inner-city neighborhood. Both get caught. Both are first-time offenders. The white kid walks into juvenile court with his parents, his priest, a good lawyer-and medical coverage. The Latino kid walks into court with his mom, no legal resources and no insurance. The judge lets the white kid go with his family; he's placed in a private treatment program. The minority kid has no such option. He's detained.
There, in a nutshell, is what happens more and more often in the juvenile-court system. Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults, according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute, a research center in San Francisco. Once they are in adult courts, young black offenders are 18 times more likely to be jailed-and Hispanics seven times more likely-than are young white offenders. "Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are, tried as adults," says Dan Macallair, a co-author of the new study. "California has a double standard: throw kids of color behind bars, but .rehabilitate white kids who commit comparable crimes."
Even as juvenile crime has declined from its peak in the early 1990s, headline grabbing violence by minors has intensified a get-tough attitude. Over the past six years, 43 states have passed laws that make it easier to try juveniles as adults. In Texas and Connecticut in 1996, the latest year for which figures are available, all the juveniles in jails were minorities. Vincent Schiraldi, the Justice Policy Institute's director, concedes that "some kids need to be tried as adults. But most can be rehabilitated."
Instead, adult prisons tend to brutalize juveniles. They are eight times more likely to commit suicide and five times more likely to be sexually abused than offenders held in juvenile detention. "Once they get out, they tend to commit more crimes and more violent crimes," says Jenni Gainsborough, a spokeswoman for the Sentencing Project, a reform group in Washington. The system, in essence, is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities.
注（1）本文选自By Anamaria Wilson Time; 02/14/2000, Vol. 155 Issue 6, p68, 1/3p
注（2）本文习题命题模仿对象1997年真题text 5（其中因1997年真题text 5只有4个题目，所以本文第4题模仿参照对象为1999年 Text 4的第4题。）
1. From the first paragraph we learn that _________.
[A]the white kid is more lucky than the minority kid
[B]the white kid has got a lot of help than the minority kid
[C]the white kid and minority kid has been treated differently
[D]the minority kid should be set free at once.
2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
[A]Kids shouldn’t be tried as adults.
[B] Discrimination exists in the justice system.
[C]Minority kids are likely to commit crimes.
[D] States shouldn’t pass the laws.
3. The word “skyrocket” (Line 13, Paragraph 2) means ________.
[A]rising sharply
[B]widening suddenly
[C]spreading widely
[D]expanding quickly
4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] something seems to be wrong with the justice system
[B]adult prisons have bad influence on the juveniles
[C] juveniles in adult prison are ill-treated
[D]the career criminals are trained by the system
5. The passage shows that the author is _________ the present situation.
[A] amazed at
[B]puzzled by
[C]disappointed at
[D] critical of
答案：CBAAD
篇章剖析
本文的结构形式为提出问题----分析问题。在第一段首先提出问题,以一个案例为切入点，对比白人少年与有色人种少年受到的不同待遇。第二段和第三段用事实进一步说明司法机关对有色人种的青少年的歧视以及他们受到的不公正待遇。第四段阐述了司法机关的这一做法造成的不良影响。
词汇注释
offender n.罪犯, 冒犯者
coverage n.保险项目；保险范围
option n.选择;供选择的事物
detain v.拘留,
in a nutshell 简括地,简言之；简要地说
felony n.[律]重罪
rehabilitate v. 使(身体)康复, 使复职, 使恢复名誉, 使复原
get-tough adj.强硬的
concede v.勉强, 承认
brutalize v.残酷地对待
detention n.拘留, 禁闭
难句突破
1．Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults, according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute, a research center in San Francisco.
主体句式：Minority youths are more than …
结构分析：这是一个比较长的简单句。“more than twice as likely as their white counterparts”是一种表示倍数的表达方式；“to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults”不定式短语来修饰white counterparts; “according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute”是现在分词做伴随状语；“a research center in San Francisco”是“the Justice Policy Institute”的同位语。
句子译文：刑法政策研究所是旧金山的一个研究中心。据其上周发表的研究结果，在加利福尼亚，因为犯重罪被少年法庭转出而以成人的身份被审判逮捕的非白人少年比白人少年多出两倍还要多。
题目分析
1．答案为C，属推理判断题。作者在第一段中进行对比，目的在于引出同一性质案例因为对象不同，从而处理结果也不同这一论点。
2．答案为B，属事实细节题。原文对应信息是：“Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are, tried as adults”。其它选项意思与原文不符。
3．答案为A ，属猜词题。从单词所在的句子语境中，我们可以判断skyrocket与accumulate的意思相近，并且程度更强。了解到这一点就不难作出选择。
4．答案为A，属推理判断题。原文相关信息是“The system, in essence, is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities”。
5．答案为D，属情感态度题。作者通篇都在阐述司法机关对有色人种青少年的不公正待遇。
参考译文
把他们关起来！
有色人种青少年更可能以成人的身份受审
一白人少年在他就读的郊区中学贩卖了一袋可卡因。一拉丁美洲少年在其居住的内城区附近也做了同样的事情。两个人都被抓住了。两个人都是初犯。白人少年是由其父母，牧师，知名律师陪伴，并带着医疗保险接受少年法庭的审理；而拉丁美洲少年却只有母亲陪伴，没有任何法律援助，也没有保险。法官判白人少年与其父母安然离开法庭，私下进行审理。而这位有色人种少年除了被拘留别无选择。
简而言之，这样的事情在少年法庭上越来越常见。刑法政策研究所是旧金山的一个研究中心。根据上周发表的研究结果，在加利福尼亚，因为犯重罪被少年法庭转出而以成人的身份被审判逮捕的非白人少年比白人少年多出两倍还要多。一旦被移交成人法庭，那些年轻的黑人犯法者被送进监狱的可能性是白人的十八倍，美籍西班牙人是白人的八倍。这项研究的合作者Dan Macallair说：“司法系统的每一个层面对有色人种中青少年的歧视越来越强，而这些年轻人一旦以成人的身份被审判的话，这种歧视表现得更为淋漓尽致。”加利福尼亚有一个双重标准：把犯罪的有色人种少年扔进监狱，对犯有同等罪行的白人少年却实行教育感化。
虽然青少年犯罪率在二十世纪九十年代初期达到高峰以来已经有所下降，但是未成年人触目惊心的暴力行为强化了公众对其强硬的态度。在过去六年中，有四十三个州通过的法律更容易使青少年以成人的身份受审。一九九六年美国德克萨斯州和康涅狄格州的记录是能收集到的最近的数字资料，资料表明在监狱服刑的所有青少年都是有色人种。作为司法政策研究所的所长，Vincent Schiraldi承认“有些青少年确实应该作为成人进行审判，但是他们中大多数人是可以教育感化的。”
成人监狱对待这些青少年却是非常残酷的。这些人自杀的可能性是少管所的罪犯的八倍，遭到性虐待的可能性是他们的五倍。“量刑计划”是华盛顿的一个改革团体，作为它的女发言人，Jenni Gainsborough认为“这些人一旦被释放，他们的犯罪率会更高，罪行会更恶劣。”这种体系实际上是在训练职业罪犯，对于有色人种而言情况更为糟糕。</DIV>

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-5-14 09:27:32

<DIV class=content>
<CENTER>The savage murder of a gay man stuns a state where hate-crime laws do not protect homosexuals </CENTER>
“This is not the type of place where this happens," city council president George Carlton told a reporter, after the horror became public in his hometown, Sylacauga, Ala. He echoed what was said in Jasper, Texas, a year ago. Few people then had ever heard of Jasper. A week ago, even fewer could have pointed out Sylacauga on a map. A tiny city of 13,000, halfway between Birmingham and Montgomery, Sylacauga was known for its white marble quarries, textile mills and ice-cream factory. But last week Sylacauga, like Jasper, became a chapter in the recent history of hatred.
According to police, Steven Eric Mullins, 25, and Charles Monroe Butler Jr., 21, plotted for two weeks to murder Billy Jack Gaither, 39. On Feb. 19, they arranged to meet him at a Sylacauga bar and lured him to a secluded area. There they beat him and dumped him into the trunk of his car. They then drove about 15 miles to Peckerwood Creek in Coosa County. There, says Coosa County Sheriff's Deputy Al Bradley, "they took him out of the trunk, took an ax handle and beat him to death." They set two old tires aflame, says Bradley, "then they put the body on the fire." They did it all, the deputy says, because Gaither was gay.
Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well. "It's unfortunate that somebody had to lose his life in order for this legislation to pick up momentum here in the state of Alabama," says state Representative Alvin Holmes, who failed to get the original law amended when it was passed in 1996. Holmes filed for extending the law after Matthew Shepard, a gay student, was beaten and left to die on a fence in Wyoming last October, an incident that sparked national outrage. Even Wyoming failed to pass hate-crime legislation in the wake of the Shepard lynching. Like Shepard, Gaither did not hesitate to admit being gay, though he adhered quietly to Sylacauga's Southern dispositions. And friends dispute Mullins' and Butler's allegations that a sexual proposition incited the murder. Gaither's brother Randy told CNN: "Regardless of his personal life or anything, he doesn't deserve to be killed for this."
"The message people are getting is that gay people are second-class citizens," says Tracey Conaty, spokesperson for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
Before Gaither's murder, activists were planning a major national pro-gay offensive. From March 21 to March 27, the task force will launch its "Equality Begins at Home" campaign, with 250 grass-roots events in all 50 states aimed at passing anti-gay-bashing legislation. Says Conaty: "These laws reflect the conscience of a community and send an important message." The March events, says Urvashi Vaid, director of the task force's policy institute, will involve straight people concerned about neighbors denied basic human rights. Adds Vaid: "It's more than just a gay thing."
注（1）：本文选自By Sylvester Monroe Time; 03/15/99, Vol. 153 Issue 10, p47, 2/3p, 3c, 1bw
注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象2003年真题 Text 4
1. What is implied in the first two paragraphs?
[A] there are many murders in the recent history of hatred
[B]the murder also happened in Jasper one year ago
[C] it is another case of the gay being tortured to death
[D]the city council president comes from Sylacauga
2. The author uses the example of Matthew Shepard to show that ________.
[A] it is difficult to extend the hate-crime legislation
[B]people want to extend the hate-crime law
[C]the gays are really in a terrible fix
[D] people are indifferent to the gay student
3. Alvin Holmes’ attitude toward the gay victims is _________.
[A]indifferent
[B]sympathetic
[C]outrageous
[D]considerate
4. Similar to Matthew Shepard, Gaither’s death ________.
[A]aroused people’s sympathy for the gay
[B] sharpened people’s awareness
[C]gave legislation some momentum
[D]failed to have any change in the legislation
5. The text intends to express the idea that __________.
[A] people should be concerned about their gay neighbors
[B]the gay people shouldn’t be regarded as second-class citizens
[C] the legislation for the gay still has a long way to go
[D]more pro-gay campaigns should be launched
答案：C A B D C
篇章剖析
本文采用提出问题-----分析问题的模式。第一段和第二段提出问题，详细阐述一起同性恋谋杀案的发生经过。第三段和第四段指出被害人的死造成的影响和反应。第五段指出激进分子的做法及其影响。
词汇注释
homosexual n.同性恋
echo vt.摹仿, 重复
rallying point n.聚集点,号召力
legislator n.立法者
momentum n.动力, 要素
in the wake of adv.尾随, 紧跟, 仿效
lynching n.处私刑
allegation n.主张，断言, 辩解
offensive n.进攻, 攻势
grass-roots adj.一般民众的, 由乡间民间来进行的
难句突破
1．Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well.
主体句式：Gaither’s death has become a rallying point …
结构分析：在for引导的介词短语中，that引导定语从句来修饰bill; related to sexual orientation as well来修饰crimes.
句子译文：Gaither的死成为了一种推动力，促使那些维护同性恋权利的组织以及州立法委员去推行一项议案，使阿拉巴马已通过三年的仇视罪条文除了涉及有关种族、肤色、宗教信仰、出身之外，也应该包括有关性倾向方面的罪行。
题目分析
1．答案为C，属推理判断题。选项A，B，D都属于细节问题，在文中都可找到对应的信息。选项C归纳了前两段的内容。
2．案为A，属推理判断题。文中对应信息是“Even Wyoming failed to pass hate-crime legislation in the wake of the Shepard lynching”。
3．案为B ，属情感态度题。文中对应信息是“"It's unfortunate that somebody had to lose his life in order for this legislation to pick up momentum here in the state of Alabama”。
4．答案为D，属推理判断题。原文对应信息“Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well.”Gaither的被害虽然对立法有一定的影响，却还没有一定的改观。
5．答案为C，属主旨大意题。要综观全文，不要受到一些细节方面的干扰。
参考译文
阿拉巴马焚尸案
一名同性恋的残忍被害使法律条文里仇视罪不保护同性恋的州政府为之震惊
这件惨案在市议长乔治•卡尔顿的家乡阿拉巴马州Sylacauga被公开以后，他是这样告诉记者的：“这种事情不应该发生在这里”。他是在重复一年前在德克萨斯州的Jasper说过的话。几乎没有人听说过Jasper这个地方。一周以前，甚至没有人能在地图上指出Sylacauga的位置。Sylacauga是一座拥有13，000人口的小城，位于伯明翰和蒙哥马利之间，以大理石采石场、纺织厂和冰淇淋厂而知名。同Jasper一样，上周Sylacauga也被列入了近期所发生的仇恨事件。
据警察说，25岁的Steven Eric Mullins和21岁的Charles Monroe Butler Jr.预谋了两周来谋杀39岁的Billy Jack Gaither。2月19日那天，他们先安排与他在Sylacauga的一个酒吧见面，再把他引到预定地点。在那他们先是打他，随后把他扔进汽车后备箱，然后开车15英里来到Coosa县的Peckerwood Creek。Coosa县治安官代理Al Bradley说：“他们把他从后备箱里拖出来，拿出斧柄把他击打致死”。随后他们点燃了两个旧轮胎。Bradley说：“然后他们把尸体放到了火堆上”。代理说这两个人之所以这么做的原因就是因为Gaither是同性恋。
Gaither的死成为了一种推动力，促使那些维护同性恋权利的组织以及州立法委员去推行一项议案，使阿拉巴马已通过三年的仇视罪条文除了涉及有关种族、肤色、宗教信仰、出身之外，也应该包括有关性倾向方面的罪行。州代表Alvin Holmes没能在1996年通过原法律条文时使之得以修正，他是这样说的：“非得用某人的死来使这项法律在阿拉巴马积聚变更的力量真是太可悲了”。去年十月在怀俄明州发生了一件令国人感到愤怒的事情。一名同性恋学生Matthew Shepard遭人击打，死于围墙上。Holmes在这件事件之后曾提议扩展这一法律条文。在Shepard被人私刑处死事件之后，怀俄明州也没能通过仇视罪法律。虽然Gaither默默地保持着Sylacauga南方人的性情，但是他同Shepard一样，毫不隐瞒自己是同性恋这一事实。Mullins和Butler辩解说是性问题引发了这起谋杀，Gaither的朋友们对此提出质疑。Gaither的兄弟告诉CNN记者：“不管他的个人生活或其它方面怎么样，他不应该就这样被处死。”
“美国国家男女同志特遣队”这一组织的发言人Tracey Conaty说：“人们获得的启示是同性恋是二等公民。”
在Gaither被谋杀之前，一些激进分子就在策划发动一个大型的全国范围的支持同性恋的攻势。从3月21日到27日，特遣队发动“平等从家里开始”运动，收集50个州所发生的250件民众事件，目的在于通过反殴打同性恋这一法规。Conaty说：“法律条文反映一个团体的道德准则，并传达重要的信息”。作为特遣队政策研究所的负责人，Urvashi Vaid认为三月份发生的事件会使正直的人们为那些被剥夺了基本**的邻居而担心。Vaid还说：“这不仅仅是一件同性恋的事情。”</DIV>

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-5-14 09:29:16

<DIV class=content>
<

align=center>Is Earth Getting Darker?
The sun is not growing weaker, yet its light appears to be dimming. Between 1960 and 1990, some scientists believe, the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth's surface may have declined as much as 10%--and in some places, Hong Kong, for example, more than 35%.
What was going on? Well, it appears that increased air pollution during those 30 years--over Asia, in particular--with the help, perhaps, of some increased cloudiness, may have exerted a cooling influence on the surface of the planet even as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases were encouraging the atmosphere to warm. The impacts of that tug-of-war on the climate system could be devilishly difficult to untangle. At the same time, no task could be more urgent. For if global pollution has helped keep global warming in check, says Veerabhadran Ramanathan, an atmospheric scientist at the University of California at San Diego, then the full impact of the buildup of greenhouse gases has yet to be felt. This week, at the American Geophysical Union meeting in Montreal, Ramanathan and others will be presenting the latest data on the solar-dimming problem and pondering its implications for the climate system as a whole.
Many scenarios for global warming, for example, invoke a speedup in the hydrological cycle by which water evaporates and then comes down as rain. The cooling produced by solar dimming, however, may slow the rate of evaporation, while higher up in the atmosphere the pollutants responsible for absorbing and reflecting sunlight are likely to interfere with the process that produces rain.
Why? These pollutants, which take the form of tiny, airborne particles called aerosols, act as nuclei around which cloud droplets form. The problem is, there are too many aerosols in the atmosphere competing for water molecules, so the cloud droplets that form are too small and never become weighty enough to fall to the ground. As a result, says Beate Liepert, an atmospheric physicist at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, the atmosphere could be filled with moisture while Earth's surface thirsts for rain.
Many questions remain, including the true extent of the dimming. One analysis pegs the average worldwide darkening to be about 4% over three decades, while another computes it to be more than twice that much. There are also questions about the reliability of the devices that measure the sunlight reaching Earth's surface. Known as radiometers, these instruments are nothing more than flat, black solar collectors capped with glass. They are sometimes finicky; a smudge of dirt or a speck of dust can cause bogus readings and change the calculated results.
Solar dimming, in other words, is a problem still in the process of being defined, and as its dimensions become clearer, so will the nature of the challenge the world faces. Although scientists have done a lot of thinking about global warming, they are just beginning to grapple with the problem of how global warming and solar dimming interact. As Ramanathan puts it, "It's like we have a new gorilla sitting down at the table"--and it could turn out to be a very big gorilla indeed.
注（1）：本文选自Time; 5/24/2004, p60-60, 2/3p；
注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 3；
1. By “tug-of-war”(Line 4, Paragraph 2), the author means _________.
[A]the different effect of solar dimming and global warming
[B]the impact of the solar dimming on the climate system
[C]the influence of the solar dimming on the global warming
[D]the interaction between the solar dimming and global warming
2. How do the scientists feel about the current climate situation?
[A]Serious.
[B]Optimistic.
[C]Carefree.
[D]Panicked.
 3.When mentioning “It's like we have a new gorilla sitting down at the table”(Last Line,

aragraph 6), the author implies that __________.
[A]scientists should have a close look at the solar dimming problem
[B]we are facing a new problem which is very complicated and difficult to manage
[C]we are just beginning to have research on this new field
[D]the new solar dimming problem is beyond scientists’ ability to tackle 
4. Which of the following cannot serve as a factor of causing the cooling surface of the 
planet?
[A]The lack of the rain in the earth.
[B]The increasing of the pollutants.
[C]The forming of the cloud droplets.
[D]The less weight of the cloud droplets.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]The instruments used in the study are too simple to function well.
[B]Living things in the earth will be greatly influenced by solar dimming.
[C]There is still a long way to go in the study of solar dimming.
[D]The findings that solar dimming has influence on the surface of the planet are doubtful.
答案：DABAC
篇章剖析
本文是一篇类似科普的文章，采用提出问题——分析问题的模式，指出太阳变黯和全球变暖之间的相互作用和影响，并指出这一领域的研究存在的一些问题以及目前的研究水平。第一段指出太阳变黯这一现象；第二段、三段和四段分析产生这一现象的原因；第五段指出这一研究存在的一些问题；第六段指出目前的研究状况。
词汇注释
cloudiness n. 云量，云度，朦胧；阴暗；混浊性，浊度
the tug-of-war拔河；摆花架子；两派间激烈的竞争
devilish [5devElIF]adj. 魔鬼似的魔鬼的，似魔鬼的或魔鬼特性的；恶毒的；邪恶的；过分的；激进的
devilishly adv. 极度地；非常
untangle[ 9Qn`tAN^l ] vt. 解脱；澄清；解决；解开把…从一团纠结的事物中解脱出来；解开…的缠结；理清(某个让人迷惑或复杂难解的事物)
hold [keep] in check 抑制, 约束, 制止, 牵制
scenario [sI5nB:rIEJ] n. 情况；剧情，构思；设想；方案
invoke [in5vEuk] vt. 向神灵祈求保佑; 用符咒召唤(魔鬼)；行使(法权等); 援引(法规、条文等)；请求; 恳求(援助等)；引起, 产生
hydrological adj. 水文(学)的
responsible for造成...的原因；归因于…
take the form of 采取...的形状; 表现为...的形式
aerosol [5eErEsRl] n. 悬浮微粒
act as vt.充当，扮演...的角色，作为
thirst vi. 渴, 想喝；渴望, 热望(after, for)
peg vt. 用木钉[短桩]钉牢[固定](down, in, out); [主英]用木夹把(洗的衣服)夹在晒衣绳上；用木桩标出界线；抛、扔(东西)；固定, 限定; 稳定(工资, 价格, 市价); 鉴定, 认定；以...为题而写
radiometer [9reidi5CmitE] n. 【物】辐射计; 射线测定器
finicky [5fInIkI] adj. 苛求的；过于讲究的; 过分挑剔的，吹毛求疵的
smudge [smQdV] n. 污点, 污迹
speck [spek] n. 微粒；斑点；点
bogus [5bEu^Es] adj. [美] 假的, 伪造的
grapple with vt. 用...抓牢；与...搏斗；尽力克服，设法解决
难句突破
Well, it appears that increased air pollution during those 30 years--over Asia, in particular--with the help, perhaps, of some increased cloudiness, may have exerted a cooling influence on the surface of the planet even as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases were encouraging the atmosphere to warm.
主体句式：it appears that …
结构分析：本句是一个宾语从句，其中“well”是一个语气词；宾语从句的主语是“increased air pollution”，其中“increased”是形容词；“over Asia, in particular”的作用是补充说明；“with the help, perhaps, of some increased cloudiness”是介词短语，用来补充说明主语；“even as”的意思是“正当...的时候；恰在...的时候”，用在本句中有一种对比的作用。
句子译文：在过去30中，全球——特别是亚洲——不断加剧的大气污染，借助数量有所增加的云度可能对整个地球表面起了一种冷却作用，同时二氧化碳和其它温室气体却在促使大气变暖。
题目分析
1.答案为D，属猜词题。从句子“it appears that increased air pollution during those 30 years--over Asia, in particular--with the help, perhaps, of some increased cloudiness, may have exerted a cooling influence on the surface of the planet even as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases were encouraging the atmosphere to warm.”我们可看出一方面空气污染物及其形成的云层对地球表面有一种冷却作用，另一方面二氧化碳和其它温室气体却促使大气变暖。这是一种相互作用，一方强，另一方就弱，就像是“拔河赛”。文章最后一段的一句话“they are just beginning to grapple with the problem of how global warming and solar dimming interact”可以进一步印证我们的这一判断。
2.答案为A，属情感态度。原文对应信息是“no task could be more urgent.”。注意含有比较级的否定式的理解，这句话的意思是“This task is the most urgent.”从这句话我们可看出气候学家们对待此事的态度。
3.答案为B，属推理判断题。文章最后一段的中心思想是：对太阳变黯这一问题的研究还
只是刚刚开始，还有很多东西我们不了解。然后以拉曼纳森（Ramanathan）的话结束全文。就此我们可判断拉曼纳森的话也应该是符合这段文章的中心大意的。
4.答案为A，属事实细节题。原文对应信息是“it appears that increased air pollution during those 30 years--over Asia, in particular--with the help, perhaps, of some increased cloudiness, may have exerted a cooling influence on the surface of the planet”。这句话的意思是“全球——特别是亚洲——不断加剧的大气污染，借助数量有所增加的云度可能对整个地球表面起了一种冷却作用”，而在形成云层的过程中由于“the cloud droplets that form are too small and never become weighty enough to fall to the ground”（所形成的云状水滴显得又太小，永远达不到足以落到地面的重量），所以这些云层无法变成雨滴落在地面，而是停留在大气层，从而对大气层起到一种冷却作用。选项A是这种现象所造成的结果。 5.答案为C，属推理判断题。文章最后一段提到对太阳变黯这一问题的研究还只是刚刚开始，还有很多东西我们不了解。由此我们可做出判断。
参考译文
地球变得越来越暗了吗？
太阳不是变得越来越弱，但太阳光似乎正变得越来越黯淡。有些科学家认为，从1960年到1990年，到达地球表面的太阳辐射量可能下降了10%，而有些地方, 例如香港，下降了35%以上。
这是怎么了？在过去30中，全球——特别是亚洲——不断加剧的大气污染，借助数量有所增加的云度可能对整个地球表面起了一种冷却作用，同时二氧化碳和其它温室气体却在促使大气变暖。要摆脱这种拔河式效应对气候系统的影响是极其困难的。但同时，没有别的什么任务能比这更迫切的了。加州大学圣地亚哥分校的大气科学家Veerabhadran Ramanathan说，如果全球性污染有助于控制全球气候转暖这一现象，那么，世人必将遭受温室气体堆积造成的全面影响。本周，在蒙特利尔召开的美国地球物理联盟会议上，Ramanathan和其它人士将向大会展示有关太阳变黯问题的最新数据，期望与会人士能认真考虑太阳变黯对整个气候系统的实质性影响。
比如，全球变暖的许多情况加速了水借以蒸发、随后变成雨降下的水文循环周期。然而，太阳变黯所产生的冷却作用也许会降低水的蒸发速度，而大气层上部吸收和反射太阳光的污染物很可能对雨产生的过程进行了干预。
为什么？这些表现为极其微小的气载微粒(叫做悬浮微粒)形式的污染物扮演核心角色，在它周围形成微小的云状水滴。问题是，大气层中有太多的争抢水分子的悬浮微粒，因此，所形成的云状水滴显得又太小，永远达不到足以落到地面的重量。哥伦比亚大学拉蒙-多尔蒂地球观测所的大气物理学家比特•利伯特说，因此，尽管大气层可能充满了湿气，但地球表面却干燥无比，渴望下雨。
许多问题——包括太阳变黯的真实程度——尚无解决方案。一位分析人员认定，在过去约三十年中，世界范围太阳平均变暗的程度为4%，而另一位分析人员估计变暗的程度超过此数的两倍。测量到达地球表面阳光的设备是否可靠也是一个问题。测量阳光的仪器叫做射线测定器。这些仪器无非是一些罩着玻璃的黑色平板太阳能收集器。这些太阳能收集器有时过分挑剔：一块小小的污迹或一点点灰尘都可能造成虚假读数，改变计算结果。
换句话说，太阳变黯仍然是一个尚处在定义过程中的问题，因此，随着其轮廓变得越来越清晰,世界所面临挑战的性质也会变得愈加清晰可见。虽然科学家们对全球气候变暖进行了大量的研究和思考，但他们也只是刚刚开始着手解决全球气候变暖与太阳变黯如何相互作用的问题。正如Ramanathan所说，“这就像我们让一个新来的大猩猩在餐桌旁就座的情形一样。” ——人们发现它确实是一个非常大的大猩猩。</DIV>

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-5-14 09:31:20

align=center>Ending the roundups
<DIV class=content>
With Chicago's antiloitering law struck down, California is a model for how to fight street gangs 
The image was riveting, as justice John Paul Stevens, a Chicago native, presented it. A gang member and his father are hanging out near Wrigley Field. Are they there "to rob an unsuspecting fan or just to get a glimpse of Sammy Sosa leaving the ball park?" A police officer has no idea, but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse. With Stevens writing for a 6-to-3 majority, the Supreme Court last week struck down Chicago's sweeping statute, which had sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement. 
The decision was a blow to advocates of get-tough crime policies. But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach--distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders--might pass constitutional muster. New language could target loiterers "with no apparent purpose other than to establish control over identifiable areas, to intimidate others from entering those areas or to conceal illegal activities," she wrote. Chicago officials vowed to draft a new measure. "We will go back and correct it and then move forward," said Mayor Richard Daley. 
Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges: California. The state has two antiloitering statutes on the books, aimed at people intending to commit specific crimes--prostitution and drug dealing. In addition, a number of local prosecutors are waging war against gangs by an innovative use of the public-nuisance laws. 
In cities such as Los Angeles and San Jose, prosecutors have sought injunctions against groups of people suspected of gang activity. "The officers in the streets know the gang members and gather physical evidence for lengthy court hearings," says Los Angeles prosecutor Martin Vranicar. If the evidence is enough to convince a judge, an injunction is issued to prohibit specific behavior--such as carrying cell phones or pagers or blocking sidewalk passage--in defined geographical areas. "It works instantly," says San Jose city attorney Joan Gallo, who successfully defended the tactic before the California Supreme Court. "A few days after the injunctions, children are playing on streets where they never were before." 
So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150,000 in Los Angeles alone. But experts say last week's decision set the parameters for sharper measures. Says Harvard law professor Laurence Tribe: "It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet." 
注（1）：本文选自By Margot Hornblower/Los Angeles With reporting by Timothy Roche/Chicago and Andrea Sachs/New York Time; 06/21/99, Vol. 153 Issue 24, p55, 2/3p, 1bw
注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 2。
1. What does the author intend to illustrate with the example of the gang member and his father?
[A]How the antiloitering law works. [B]How to maintain charming image. [C]How tough the crime polices were. [D]Why Chicago’s sweeping statute stroke down.
2. What can we infer from the first two paragraphs?
[A]Chicago’s antiloitering law shouldn’t be struck down. [B]The cop was entitled to send the gangs away. [C]Chicago officials yielded to the result of striking down the law. [D]antiloitering law in Chicago was much too severe for the majority.
3. The third and fourth paragraphs suggest that ________.
[A]the League of Cities and 31 states should work with Chicago officials [B]the injunctions in some cities brought back the safety on the street [C]California successfully starts the battle against the gangs [D]the police officers shoulder more responsibility than before
4. What does the author mean by “It just means they have to use a scalpel rather than an invisible mallet” (The Last Line, Paragraph 5)?
[A]The gang members should be given a get-tough attitude in the long run. [B]The targeted gang members rather than all of them should be given a get-tough treatment. [C] A scalpel can cut off the tumors of the society while the invisible mallet fails to. [D]A scalpel is more powerful than the invisible mallet.
5. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Chicago’s sweeping statute was struck down for its involving too many arrests. [B]Chicago officials still maintained their get-tough crime policies. [C]It was not safe for children to play on the street. [D]California used a scalpel while other states used an invisible mallet to cope with the gangs.
答案：A D C B D
篇章剖析
本文采用提出问题---解决问题的模式。第一段和第二段提出芝加哥因为种种原因解除了禁止闲荡法令；第三段、四段和五段针对这一问题，指出加利福尼亚的做法是非常值得借鉴的。
词汇注释
loiter v.闲荡, 虚度, 徘徊 rivet v. 吸引（注意力） disperse v.(使)分散, (使)散开, 疏散 statute n.法令, 条例 enforcement n.执行, 强制 concur v.同时发生 draconian adj.严酷的,极其残酷的；十分严厉的： intimidate v. 恐吓使胆怯；使害怕 innovative adj.创新的, 革新(主义)的 injunction n.命令, 指令, [律]禁令 parameter n.参数, 参量, <口>起限定作用的因素 scalpel n.解剖刀 mallet n.槌棒
难句突破
1.Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges: California.
主体结构：Chicago officials might do well to look at …
结构分析：“along with the League of Cities and 31 states”在句子中做伴随状语，其中that又引导定语从句进行修饰；主句中where又引导从句来修饰state。
句子翻译：在加利福尼亚州，宪法已接受了有关反帮派闲荡的起诉。芝加哥官员和那些在法庭上支持他们的城市联盟和31个州政府，最好还是考虑这个州的做法为好。
题目分析
1.答案为A，属推理判断题。文中对应信息“but under Chicago's anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse”,从第一段我们可以看出作者在介绍芝加哥的“禁止闲荡法令”是如何运做及被解除的。
2.答案为D，属推理判断题。第一段和第二段主要介绍芝加哥解除了“禁止闲荡法令”。从第一段“which had sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement”，我们可以看出这一法令是非常严厉的；从第二段“But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor suggested that a less draconian approach--distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders--might pass constitutional muster.”我们可以看出一项较宽松的法令即将出台。从这些地方我们可做出判断。
3.答案为C, 属推理判断题。第三段和第四段主要介绍了加利福尼亚州是如何与街头帮派行为做斗争的。
4.答案为B，属推理判断题。这篇文章中存在对比：芝加哥的肃清法令“sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement”，重在大范围的打击；加利福尼亚州“So far, only a few hundred gang members have been targeted, out of an estimated 150,000 in Los Angeles alone.”重在小范围的清除。
5.答案为D，属推理判断题。分析同第四题。
参考译文
停止纠结 随着芝加哥禁止闲荡法令的解除，加利福尼亚成为与街头帮派斗争的典范
正如芝加哥当地法官约翰•保罗•斯蒂文斯所描述的那样，这种形象是非常吸引人的。一个帮派成员和他的父亲在Wrigley Field附近闲荡，他们在那是想抢劫一个铁杆球迷呢还是只为了看一眼Sammy Sosa离开球场呢？警官无从知晓，但是根据芝加哥反帮派法，警察必须让他们散开。根据斯蒂文斯所写的六比三的多数优势，最高法院上个星期废除了芝加哥的肃清法令。这项法令在实行了三年的时间里，由之引发的逮捕达42,000起。
这一决定对于那些主张严厉惩治犯罪的人来说，无疑是一重创。但是考虑到大家普遍的想法，法官Sandra Day O'Connor表示，在区分帮派成员和无辜的旁观者方面，宪法可能会通过一项较宽松的议案。她这样写道，“闲荡者”可被重新定义为“除了要确实去控制一些地方，恐吓他人休得进入，隐瞒非法行径之外，没有其它明确的目的”。芝加哥官员发誓要起草一项新法案。Richard Daley市长说：“我们将回头予以更正，然后更好地前进。”
在加利福尼亚州，宪法已接受了有关反帮派闲荡的起诉。芝加哥官员和那些在法庭上支持他们的城市联盟和31个州政府，最好还是考虑这个州的做法为好。这个州有关禁止闲荡方面有两条明文规定，规定主要针对那些图谋卖淫和贩毒的人。而且，很多当地的公诉人率先使用妨害公众安宁法，正在发动一场反对帮派的战争。
在洛杉矶和圣何塞这样的城市，公诉人已申请禁止令，制约那些被怀疑有帮派行为的帮派团体。洛杉矶的公诉人Martin Vranicar说：“大街上巡逻的警察熟悉帮派成员，并为漫长的法庭审讯收集实物证据。”如果证据足够充分能使法官信服，就会颁布禁止令，在特定区域里禁止某些特定行为--- 比如携带手机或寻呼机或阻碍行人通道。圣何塞市律师Joan Gallo在加利福尼亚最高法庭上成功地进行了辩护，他说：“这马上就奏效了。禁止令颁发几天之后，孩子们就开始在他们以前从都不去的大街上玩耍了。”
据估计，洛杉矶150，000个帮派成员中，至今只有几百个被定位为目标对象。但是专家们表示，上周的决定为实施更为严厉的措施提供了参数。哈福法律教授Laurence Tribe说：“这也就意味着他们不用无形锤，而用手术刀来解决这一问题了。”</DIV>

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-5-17 17:42:46

align=center>Going Back And Getting It Right
By almost every measure, Paul Pfingst is an unsentimental prosecutor. Last week the San Diego County district attorney said he fully intends to try suspect Charles Andrew Williams, 15, as an adult for the Santana High School shootings. Even before the tragedy, Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults. 
So nobody would have wagered that Pfingst would also be the first D.A. in the U.S. to launch his very own Innocence Project. Yet last June, Pfingst told his attorneys to go back over old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools. In other words, he wanted to revisit past victories--this time playing for the other team. "I think people misunderstand being conservative for being biased," says Pfingst. "I consider myself a pragmatic guy, and I have no interest in putting innocent people in jail." 
Around the U.S., flabbergasted defense attorneys and their jailed clients cheered his move. Among prosecutors, however, there was an awkward pause. After all, each DNA test costs as much as $5,000. Then there's the unspoken risk: if dozens of innocents turn up, the D.A. will have indicted his shop. 
But nine months later, no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted. Only the rare case merits review. Pfingst's team considers convictions before 1993, when the city started routine DNA testing. They discard cases if the defendant has been released. Of the 560 remaining files, they have re-examined 200, looking for cases with biological evidence and defendants who still claim innocence. 
They have identified three so far. The most compelling involves a man serving 12 years for molesting a girl who was playing in his apartment. But others were there at the time. Police found a small drop of saliva on the victim's shirt--too small a sample to test in 1991. Today that spot could free a man. Test results are due any day. Inspired by San Diego, 10 other counties in the U.S. are starting DNA audits. 
By Amanda Ripley ez ncisco sijevic rtwell; Lisa McLaughlin; Joseph Pierro; Josh Tyrangiel and Sora Song 注（1）本文选自Time; 03/19/2001, Vol. 157 Issue 11, p62, 1p, 2c, 3bw
注（2）本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 1.
1. How did Pfingst carry out his own Innocence Project?
[A]By getting rid of his bias against the suspects. [B]By revisiting the past victories. [C]By using the newly developed DNA-testing tools. [D]By his cooperation with his attorneys.
2. Which of the following can be an advantage of Innocence Project?
[A]To help correct the wrong judgments. [B]To oust the unqualified prosecutors. [C]To make the prosecutors in an awkward situation. [D]To cheer up the defense attorneys and their jailed clients.
3. The expression “flabbergasted”(Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means _______.
[A]excited [B]competent [C]embarrassed [D]astounded
4. Why was Pfingst an unsentimental prosecutor?
[A]He intended to try a fifteen-year old suspect. [B]He had no interest in putting the innocent in jail. [C]He supported the controversial California law. [D]He wanted to try suspect as young as fourteen.
5. Which of the following is not true according to the text?
[A]Pfingst’s move didn’t have a great coverage. [B] Pfingst’s move had both the positive and negative effect. [C] Pfingst’s move didn’t work well. [D]Pfingst’s move greatly encouraged the jailed prisoners.
答案：C A D B C
篇章剖析
本文采用的是记叙文的模式。第一段指出Pfingst作为一位铁面无私的检查官的一些做法；第二段指出Pfingst实施“清白计划”的打算及做法；第三段指出实施“清白计划”造成的反应以及可能存在的问题；第四段和第五段是实施“清白计划”的结果和影响。
词汇注释
prosecutor n.检察官 ,检察员,起诉人,原告 controversial adj.争论的, 争议的 mandate v.批准制订一个训令，如通过法律；发布命令或要求： wager v.下赌注, 保证 conviction n.定罪, 宣告有罪 unravel v. 阐明, 解决 flabbergast v.<口>使大吃一惊, 哑然失色, 使目瞪口呆 indict v.起诉, 控告, 指控, 告发 bust v.破产或缺钱 oust v.剥夺, 取代, 驱逐 discard v.抛开；遗弃；废弃 molest v.骚乱, 困扰, 调戏 saliva n.口水, 唾液
难句突破
1.Even before the tragedy, Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.
主体句式：…Pfingst had stood behind …
结构分析：Even before the tragedy是本句的时间状语；主句是Pfingst had stood behind…;that 引导的宾语从句修饰law;在从句中，as…as是一词组，意思是“和…一样”；出现的第三个as是介词，意思是“作为”。
句子译文：在这场悲剧发生之前，Pfingst就已经开始支持加利福尼亚州的一项有争议的法规。这项法规规定，以成人身份受审的谋杀嫌疑犯的年龄最小可以为十四岁。
题目分析
1．答案为C，属事实细节题。文中对应信息“Pfingst told his attorneys to go back over old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools.”是对第二段第一句的补充说明。
2.答案为A，属推理判断题。从上下文我们可以得知，实施“清白计划”就是使用先进的DNA技术来重新审理过去的案件当中可能存在的冤案错案。
3.答案为D, 属猜词题。从第二段第一句话我们得知Pfingst可能是美国第一个实施非常独特的“清白计划”的人，因此他的做法很可能是令人感到吃惊的，从而可猜出该词的含义。
4.答案为B，属推理判断题。从第一段和第二段给出的事例我们可以看出，Pfingst不愿放过任何一个犯罪的人，即便他的年龄还不算大；他也不愿使无辜者蒙冤，即便案件已经审理。
5.答案为C，属推理判断题。正因为 “Pfingst’s move works well”,美国才又有“ten other counties are starting DNA audits”,而且，“no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted”.
参考译文
重审并予以更正
从各方面来看，Paul Pfingst都是位铁面无私的检查官。15岁的查尔斯•安德鲁•威廉斯是桑塔纳高中枪击案的犯罪嫌疑人。上周，圣地亚哥县检查官说Pfingst试图把他以成年人的身份进行审讯。在这场悲剧发生之前，Pfingst就已经开始支持加利福尼亚州的一项有争议的法规。这项法规规定，以成人身份受审的谋杀嫌疑犯的年龄最小可以为十四岁。
没人确保Pfingst是否也将成为美国第一个实施自己的“清白计划”的地方法院检查官。然而，去年六月，Pfingst告诉手下的律师重审过去的谋杀罪和强奸罪，看是否有能用最新发展的DNA检验工具解决的案件。换句话说，他想重新回顾过去的胜利——这回是为了另一方。“我想人们把保守错误地理解成了心存偏见。” Pfingst说，“我认为我自己是一个讲究实际的人。我无意于把无辜的人送进监狱。”
在美国，颇感吃惊的辩护律师及其被收监的当事人为他的举动感到振奋。然而，在检查官当中却出现了令人尴尬的沉默。毕竟每一次DNA检测的费用都高达5，000美元。这其中还存在内在的风险——如果出现了很多无辜者，那么地方法院检查官将对其所属机构予以谴责。
九个月以后，并没有出现资金短缺或检查官被罢免的情况。只有少数案件需要重新审理。1993年城市开始实行常规DNA检测，因此Pfingst的手下只考虑1993年前被定罪的案件。对于被告已被释放的案例他们不予考虑。在560份现存档案中，他们重新审理了200份，主要是寻找那些留有生物证据的案件和被告人仍声明无罪的案件。
到目前为止，他们只确定了三起案件。其中有一起案件最引人注意，案件的当事人因为骚扰在他的公寓玩耍的女孩而服刑了12年。案发时还有他人在场。警方在受害人的衬衣上发现了一小滴唾液——在1991年，这个样本太小无法检验。但在今天那滴唾液却能使一个人获释。检验结果什么时候都可以拿到。受圣地亚哥的影响，美国又有10个县要开始DNA审查了。

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-5-17 17:44:03

align=center>A Question of Privacy
Behind the brewing war over protecting patients' records in an age of HMOs and online medicine. 
Technology is a two-edged sword. Rarely is this as clear as it is in the realm of health care. Technology allows doctors to test their patients for genetic defects--and then to turn around and spread the results throughout the world via the Internet. For someone in need of treatment, that's good news. But for someone in search of a job or an insurance policy, the tidings can be all bad. 
Last week President Bill Clinton proposed a corollary to the patients' bill of rights now before Congress: a right to medical privacy. Beginning in 2002, under rules set to become law in February, patients would be able to stipulate the conditions under which their personal medical data could be divulged. They would be able to examine their records and make corrections. They could learn who else had seen the information. Improper use of records by a caregiver or insurer could result in both civil and criminal penalties. The plan was, said Clinton, "an unprecedented step toward putting Americans back in control of their own medical records." 
While the administration billed the rules as an attempt to strike a balance between the needs of consumers and those of the health-care industry, neither doctors nor insurance companies were happy. The doctors said the rules could actually erode privacy, pointing to a provision allowing managed-care plans to use personal information without consent if the purpose was "health-care operations." That, physicians said, was a loophole through which HMOs and other insurers could pry into the doctor-patient relationship, in the name of assessing the quality of care. Meanwhile, the insurers protested that the rules would make them vulnerable to lawsuits. They were especially disturbed by a provision holding them liable for privacy breaches by "business partners" such as lawyers and accountants. Both groups agreed that privacy protections would drive up the cost of health care by at least an additional $3.8 billion, and maybe much more, over the next five years. They also complained about the increased level of federal scrutiny required by the new rules' enforcement provisions. 
One aim of the rules is to reassure patients about confidentiality, thereby encouraging them to be open with their doctors. Today various cancers and sexually transmitted diseases can go untreated because patients are afraid of embarrassment or of losing insurance coverage. The fear is real: Clinton aides noted that a January poll by Princeton Survey Research Associates found that one in six U.S. adults had at some time done something unusual to conceal medical information, such as paying cash for services. 
By EVAN THOMAS Newsweek; 11/08/99, Vol. 134 Issue 19, p67, 1/2p, 1c
注（1）：本文选自By EVAN THOMAS Newsweek; 11/08/99, Vol. 134 Issue 19, p67, 1/2p, 1c
注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象2003年真题text 2
1. The author begins his article with “technology is a two-edged sword” to _____________. 
[A] show that doctor’s improper use of technology can end up in bad results [B] call on people’s attention to the potential danger technology can bring to us [C] warn of the harm patients are prone to suffer [D] show the advantages and disadvantages of technology
2. According to the proposal made by President Clinton, patients will be able to do the following EXCEPT _____________. 
[A] enjoy more rights to their medical records [B] be open with their doctors [C] decide how to use their medical information [D] sue their insurers for improper use of their medical records
3. Doctors tend to think that the rules _____________. 
[A] may ruin doctor-patient relationship [B] can do more harm than good [C] will prevent doctors from doing medical research [D] will end up in more health care cost and poorer medical service
4. The example of the January poll by Princeton Survey Research Associates is used to show that __________________. 
[A] American patients’ concealment of their medical information has become a big concern [B] a large portion of patients would rather leave their diseases untreated [C] concealing medical information is widespread in the U.S. [D] paying cash for medical service is a common practice among American patients
5. From the article we can learn that ________________. 
[A] American government will tighten its control over the use of patients’ personal information. [B] doctors and insurers are both against the rules for the same reasons [C] patients are entitled to have complete control of their medical information [D] the new rules put insurers in a very disadvantageous position 
答案：A B B A D
篇章剖析
本文主要讲述了病人医疗隐私权立法及其引发的争议，采用的是指出问题---分析问题的模式。作者首先说明了病人医疗隐私泄露可能带来的问题，接着谈了提议中的病人医疗隐私权法案的内容。在第三段作者说明了反对该法案一方的观点。最后一段则强调了新法规的宗旨和不立法可能造成的不良后果。
词汇注释
brewing adj. 酝酿中的；逐渐形成的；即将发生的 HMO: Health Maintenance Organization 医疗保健机构 tidings n. 消息 corollary n. 必然的结果；推论 stipulate v. 规定，保证 divulge v. 泄露, 暴露 bill v. 宣布，宣告 managed-care plan: n. 管理式医疗保健计划 loophole n. 漏洞 pry v. 探查，侦查，窥探 provision n. 规定 liable adj. 有责任的 breach n. 违背；不履行
难句突破
1.The doctors said the rules could actually erode privacy, pointing to a provision allowing managed-care plans to use personal information without consent if the purpose was "health-care operations." 
主体句式：The doctors said …
结构分析：本句中pointing to 这个作伴随状语的分词短语又包含了一个介词without引出的方式状语和由if引导的条件状语从句，使得句子的结构变得较为复杂。 
句子译文：医生认为这些法规实际上是在破坏隐私权，因为其中一条规定允许管理式医疗保健计划（managed-care plan）在“开展医疗保健工作”时可以不经许可使用个人信息。
题目分析
1．答案为A，属推理判断题。文章以医生利用先进的互联网技术传播病人医疗信息会有助于治疗某些病人的疾病，但同时又给一些病人在就业和购买保险方面带来困难为例说明保护病人医疗信息的重要性，以及不当使用技术可能带来的不良后果。
2．答案为B，属事实细节题。”be open with their doctors ”只是这项法规试图达到的效果，并不是该法规赋予病人的权利。因此答案应该是B。
3．答案为B，属事实细节题。文章引用医生的观点认为新法规不但不利于保护病人的隐私，反而会actually erode privacy，由此可见答案应该是B。
4．答案为A，属推理判断题。前文讲到了病人因为羞于启齿或者担心失去保险赔付而隐瞒病情，使疾病得不到治疗；然后说The fear is real. 继而引用普利斯顿调查研究协会的调查结果，意在说明这一问题的严重性。 
5．答案为D，属事实细节题。文章中提到保险公司的反对意见时，引用了保险公司的说法：the rules would make them vulnerable to lawsuits.由此可见答案应该是D。A项中提出的政府加强对病人私人信息的控制的说法是不正确的，因为保险公司抗议的是政府要加强对法规实施情况的审查（the increased level of federal scrutiny required by the new rules' enforcement provisions）。
参考译文:
一个隐私问题 在医疗保健机构和在线医疗时代，即将发起的一场保护病人病历的战争背后的故事
技术是一把双刃剑。这一点在医疗保健领域尤为明显。借助技术，医生可以测试病人的遗传缺陷---并通过互联网很快将结果传遍全世界。对于那些需要治疗的人来说，这是好消息；但对于那些正在找工作，或者想要买一份保险的人来说，这样的消息可能非常糟糕。
上周比尔•克林顿总统向国会提交了一份病**利法案的推论：医疗隐私权。从2002年开始，根据2月即将生效的法规，病人将有权规定透露其个人医疗资料的条件。他们可以检查自己的病历并进行更正。他们也可以了解哪些人曾看过他们的信息。医护人员或者保险公司对病历使用不当将会导致民事或者刑事处罚。克林顿说，这一提案“在促使美国人重新获得对自己的病历控制权方面迈出了极其重要的一步。”
虽然政府称这些法规旨在平衡消费者和医疗保健行业的需求，但医生和保险公司对此都颇有微词。医生认为这些法规实际上是在破坏隐私权，因为其中一条规定允许管理式医疗保健计划（managed-care plan）在“开展医疗保健工作”时可以不经许可使用个人信息。医生们称其为一个漏洞，它使得医疗保健机构（HMO）和其他保险公司可以打着评估医疗保健质量的旗号窥探医患关系。同时，保险公司也对这些法规持反对意见，他们认为这些法规很容易让他们惹上官司。其中一条法规令他们尤为不满，该法规规定：保险公司对律师和会计这样的“商业伙伴”的侵犯隐私行为负责。这两个群体都一致认为，保护隐私会使医疗保健成本增加至少38亿美元，在接下来的五年里也许还会增加更多。根据新法规的执行条例，联邦政府将加大对医疗保健行业的审查力度，他们对此也表示不满。
新法规的目标之一就是要让病人不再担心自己的隐私被泄漏，从而鼓励他们对医生坦诚相告。今天各种各样的癌症和性病可能会因为病人羞于启齿或者担心失去保险赔付而得不到治疗。这种担心并非无中生有：克林顿的助手补充说，由普林斯顿调查研究协会在一月份进行的一项民意测试显示，在美国，每六个成年人中就有一个曾经做过刻意隐瞒医疗信息的事情，比如用现金支付服务费。

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-5-17 17:44:59

align=center>We have to Sacrifice
States offer to pick up the tab for unpaid leave 
When Gina Garro and Brian Duplisea adopted 4-month-old Andres from Colombia last month, they were determined to take time off from work to care for him. Six years ago, after their daughter, Melina, was born, the family scraped by on Duplisea's $36,000 salary as a construction worker so Garro, a special-education teacher, could stay home. Now, since Garro's job furnishes the family health insurance, she'll head back to work this fall while Duplisea juggles diapers and baby bottles. His boss agreed to the time off--but he will have to forgo his $18-an-hour pay. It won't be easy. Though Garro's $40,000 salary will cover their mortgage, the couple will have to freeze their retirement accounts, scale back on Melina's after-school activities--and pray that nothing goes wrong with the car. "It takes away from your cushion and your security," says Garro. "Things will be tight." 
The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help families like Garro's, offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns, tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives. But while the law guarantees that workers won't lose their jobs, it doesn't cover their paychecks. One survey last year showed that while 24 million Americans had taken leaves since 1999, 2.7 million more wanted to, but couldn't afford it. That may change soon. In response to increasing demands from voters, at least 25 states are now exploring new ways to offer paid leave. One possibility: tapping state disability funds. A handful of states--New York, New Jersey, California, Rhode Island and Hawaii--already dip into disability money to offer partial pay for women on maternity leave. But that doesn't help dads or people caring for elderly parents. New Jersey and New York may soon expand disability programs to cover leave for fathers and other caretakers. Thirteen states, including Arizona, Illinois and Florida, have proposed using unemployment funds to pay for leave. 
Massachusetts has been especially creative. When the state's acting governor, Jane Swift, gave birth to twin daughters in May, she drew attention to the issue with her own "working maternity leave": she telecommuted part-time but earned her usual full-time salary. Even before Swift returned to work last week, the state Senate unanimously passed a pilot plan that would use surplus funds from a health-insurance program for the unemployed to give new parents 12 weeks off at half pay. Another plan, proposed in the House, would require employers to kick in $20 per worker to set up a "New Families Trust Fund." Businesses would get tax credits in return. This week Swift is expected to announce her own paid-leave plan for lower-income mothers and fathers. Polls show widespread public support--another reason Swift and other politicians across the country have embraced the issue. 
Still, not everyone's wild about the idea. People without children question why new parents--the first group to get paid leave under many of the proposed plans--should get more government perks than they do. Business groups are resistant to proposals that would raid unemployment funds; several have already filed suit to block them. As the economy slows, many companies say they can't afford to contribute to proposed new benefit funds either. Business lobbyists say too many employees already abuse existing federal family-leave laws by taking time off for dubious reasons or in tiny time increments. The proposed laws, they say, would only make matters worse. 
For Garro and Duplisea, though, the new laws could make all the difference. As Melina fixes a peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwich, Duplisea hugs a snoozing Andres against his T shirt. "We're trying to do the right thing by two kids, and we have to sacrifice," Duplisea says. In Massachusetts and plenty of other states, help may be on the way. 
Newsweek; 8/27/2001, Vol. 138 Issue 9, p46, 1p, 1c
注(1) 本文选自Newsweek；8/27/2001, Vol. 138 Issue 9, p46, 1p, 1c
注(2) 本文习题命题模仿对象是1997年真题text 1（1，2，3，5题），第4题模仿1997年真题text 3 的第2题。
1. From the first paragraph, we learn that __________________. 
[A] Garro and Duplisea used to live a comfortable and easy life. [B] Duplisea’s boss is so considerate as to allow him to keep his job [C] Garro can earn more money so she should go back to work. [D] The couple have made a lot of sacrifices to take care of their children. 
2. When Garro says “It takes away from your cushion and your security”, she means _____________________. 
[A] it exhausts her family savings [B] it plunges her family into financial trouble [C] it deprives her children of health insurance [D] it makes her feel insecure 
3. If Garro lives in Massachusetts, she will ___________________. 
[A] have 12 weeks off at half pay [B] telecommute part-time but earn full-time salary [C] leave her job without pay to take care of her kids [D] get $20 from her employer for her leave
4. The word “perk” (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably means _______________. 
[A] grant [B] policy [C] encouragement [D] reward 
5. The author’s attitude towards paid leave seems to be that of _________________. 
[A] opposition [B] suspicion [C] approval [D] indifference
答案：D B A A C
篇章剖析
本文为说明文，主要介绍带薪请假政策的起因，制定和实施情况，以及所面临的问题和反对意见。文章首先以加罗一家的经历说明停薪请假的人所面临的经济困难。然后在第二，第三段介绍了一下各州针对这一问题的解决方案。第四段介绍了反对者的态度和看法，最后一段再次以加罗一家的情况来说明带薪请假政策可能带来的积极变化，并且呼应了文章开头部分，以此作为结尾，使得全文层次分明，结构完整。
词汇注释
scrape v. （常与along, by, through连用）勉强维持生计；勉强通过 furnish v. 供应, 提供 juggle v. 耍，弄 diaper n. 尿布 forgo v. 抛弃；放弃 cushion n. 缓冲，减轻或缓和不利后果的东西： tap v. 开发；利用 maternity adj. 母性的，初为人母的孕妇的；适合于孕妇的，生小孩或成为母亲的第一个月的 telecommute v. (在家里通过使用与工作单位连接的计算机终端)远距离工作 pilot plan 试点方案 kick in 参与提供资金和其他帮助的活动中去 tax credit 税金免除 perk n. 额外津贴（亦作： perquisite） raid v. 侵吞 lobbyist n. 院外活动集团成员；说客 increment n. 增加, 增量
难句突破：
1.The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help families like Garro's, offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns, tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives.
主体句式：The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help…
结构分析：本句是一个复杂句，既包括从句，也包括分词结构。be supposed to do something 表示“应该做某事”，通常强调“义务，责任”等。safety net 原义是防止坠落受伤的“安全网”，在此引申为“安全保障”。
句子译文：1993年颁布的《家庭医疗休假法》本来应该帮助像加罗这样的家庭，为那些请假照顾新生儿，治疗重病或者照顾患病亲人的员工提供一个安全保障。
题目分析：
1. 答案为D,属事实细节题。见第一段。为了照顾两个孩子，这一对夫妇俩做出了许多选择。这些选择大都意味着做出一定牺牲，比如请假在家照顾孩子，收入减少，冻结养老金帐户，减少孩子课外活动开支等。
2. 答案为B，属判断推理题。从第一段列举的事实来看，加罗夫妇不得不冻结养老金帐号，减少梅丽娜的课后活动开支---还要祷告汽车别出问题。可见请假照顾孩子给他们带来了严重的经济问题。答案B正确。
3. 答案为A，属事实细节题。内容涉及马萨诸塞州最近通过的一项议案。原文参照第三段第五行。
4. 答案为A，属猜词题。从第二，第三段的内容来看，各州政府试图动用各种基金对请假照料新生婴儿的父母进行经济上的帮助，因此A项在意义上最符合。
5. 答案是C，属推理判断题。本文重点说明了停薪请假人所面临的经济困难，以及各州的解决方案。并在最后一段说明带薪请假政策可能带来的积极变化。从材料的选择来看，作者对于带薪请假政策持积极的态度，所以答案C正确。
参考译文：
“我们不得不做出牺牲”
州政府愿意为停薪请假的人报销帐单
上个月，吉纳•加罗和布莱恩•杜普里希从哥伦比亚收养四个月大的安德烈时，这对夫妇决定请假照顾他。六年前，他们的女儿梅丽娜出生后，这家人靠着杜普里希作建筑工人每年36,000美元的薪水勉强度日，这样，从事特殊教育教学的加罗就可以呆在家里照顾孩子。如今，因为加罗的工作能够为家庭提供医疗健康保险，她将在今年秋季回去工作，而让杜普里希摆弄那些尿片和婴儿奶瓶。他的老板同意他请假---但他必须为此放弃十八美元一小时的报酬。这可有些让这个家庭犯难。虽然加罗40,000美元的年薪可以支付他们的抵押贷款，但夫妇俩却不得不冻结他们的退休帐户，减少梅丽娜的课后活动开支---还要祷告汽车别出问题。“我们不再后顾无忧，”加罗说道：“生活会变得很拮据。”
1993年颁布的《家庭医疗休假法》本来应该帮助像加罗这样的家庭，为那些请假照顾新生儿，治疗重病或者照顾患病亲人的员工提供一个安全保障。可是，法律虽然可以保证这些员工不至于丢掉工作，却不能支付他们的薪水。去年的一项调查显示，虽然从1999年以来有4000万美国人请假，但还有270万想要请假，却承受不起请假带来的损失。要不了多久这种情况就会改变。目前至少有25个州正在探索提供带薪休假的新途径，以回应选民日益增加的要求。一种可能就是利用州伤病基金。一些州---纽约州，新泽西，加利福尼亚，罗德岛和夏威夷---已经动用伤病基金为请孕产假的妇女提供部分工资。但这种举措并不能帮助那些做父亲的人和照料年迈父母的人。新泽西州和纽约州也许不久就会扩大伤病基金计划的覆盖面，让那些请假照料孩子的父亲们和其他照料伤病亲属的人都能从中受益。包括亚利桑那州，伊利诺伊州和佛罗里达州在内的十三个州已经提议动用失业基金来支付请假工资。
马萨诸塞州的举措尤具创意。当该州的代理州长，简•斯威夫特五月生下一对双胞胎女儿的时候，她以自己“请产假”的方式引起人们对这一问题的关注。她在家通过电脑终端远程工作，做的是兼职工作，拿的却是全职的薪水。在她上周重返工作岗位之前，州参议院就一致通过了一项试点方案，允许动用失业人员医疗保险计划的剩余基金，让刚生了孩子的父母可以拿一半工资，请假12周。众议院提议的另外一项计划则要求雇主为每个员工增加20美元工资，以便设立一个“新家庭信托基金”。作为回报，商业企业可以获得税金免除。这一周，预计斯威夫特将宣布她本人针对低收入母亲和父亲提出的带薪请假计划。民意测验显示了广泛的公众支持---这是斯威夫特和其他国内政治家乐意解决这一问题的另外一个原因。
不过，并不是所有人都热衷这种想法。一些没有子女的人质疑为什么刚生了孩子的父母---他们是许多提案当中第一批获得带薪请假待遇的人---得到的政府补贴比他们的多。商业机构抵制动用失业基金的提案；一些机构甚至已经提起诉讼以阻止这些提案获得通过。随着经济发展的减速，许多公司也说他们无力为提议中的福利基金提供资金。商业企业的院外游说成员说有太多的员工已经滥用现有的联邦家庭医疗休假法，以许多可疑的借口请假，或者拖延一点请假时间。他们认为该法律提案只会使情况变得更糟。 
不过，对于加罗和杜普里希来说，新的法律会使他们的境况大为不同。梅丽娜准备一块花生-黄油-果冻三明治的时候，杜普里希把怀中打盹的安德烈抱在胸前。“我们正在努力为两个孩子创造好的条件，所以不得不做出牺牲，”杜普里希说。在马塞诸塞州和其他许多州，也许很快人们就会得到这样的帮助。

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-5-18 17:39:13

align=center>An Unpaid Tab in Florida
Bush spent $8 million, but hasn't settled with his lawyers 
Few lawyers did more to help George W. Bush become president than Barry Richard. As Bush's quarterback in the Florida courts during last fall's bruising recount, the white-maned Tallahassee, Fla., litigator became a familiar figure to TV audiences. He got the GOP equivalent of rock-star treatment when he came to Washington last January for Bush's Inauguration. At one ball, recalls law partner Fred Baggett, a heavyset Texas woman lifted Richard off the floor and planted a big kiss on his cheek, exclaiming, "I love you for giving us our president!" 
But Richard has discovered that the Bushies' gratitude has its limits. More than four months after the U.S. Supreme Court ended the 2000 election, he and his firm, Greenberg Traurig, are still owed more than $800,000 in legal fees. The firm, which sent 39 lawyers and 13 paralegals into court battles all over the state, is one of a dozen that have so far been stiffed. The estimated total tab: more than $2 million. The situation, NEWSWEEK has learned, has gotten increasingly sticky. While lawyers complain privately about foot dragging (Richard says he's not among them), Bush advisers are griping about "astronomical" bills--including one from a litigator who charged for more than 24 hours of work in a single day. "What you've got here is a bunch of rich lawyers bellyaching," says one former Bush campaign official. "Yet these guys got huge in-kind contributions to their reputations out of this." 
The lawyers were supposed to get their money from the Bush Recount Committee, a fund-raising vehicle set up when the Florida fight began. A nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money, the committee and its chief fund-raiser, Texas oilman (and now Commerce secretary) Don Evans, swiftly collected $8.3 million--more than twice the $3.9 million Al Gore's recount committee raised to pay its lawyers. To avoid charges that the recount was being bankrolled by special interests, the Bushies imposed a $5,000 cap on individual donations, a PR gesture they now regret. After paying off caterers, air charters and the army of GOP Hill types who came to Florida as "observers," the "kitty ran dry," says one source. 
The Bush camp says it intends to pay up. But Ben Ginsberg, the former chief campaign counsel who has inherited the mess, hasn't yet figured out how. As for the law firms, they are taking pains not to alienate their deadbeat clients, for fear of damaging their burgeoning Washington lobbying practices. Greenberg Traurig now represents electric power companies, drug manufacturers and Internet gambling interests willing to pay big money for access to policymakers. Whether Richard and company collect or not, that $800,000 could end up being a smart investment. 
By Michael Isikoff hn Barry Newsweek; 04/23/2001, Vol. 137 Issue 17, p28, 2/3p, 1c
注（1）：本文选自Newsweek; 04/23/2001, Vol. 137 Issue 17, p28, 2/3p, 1c
注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象是1995年真题text 3（1，2，3，5题），第4题模仿1995年真题text 4 的第1题。
1. The word “quarterback” (Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means ______________. 
[A] supporter [B] counsel [C] assistant [D] adviser
2. The main problem Richard is facing now is __________________. 
[A] the ingratitude of the Bushies [B] the complaints of his law partners [C] the unpaid bills [D] Bush advisers’ criticism
3. From the passage we can infer that _____________. 
[A] Lawyers also benefited a lot from working for the Bush Camp. [B] Al Gore lost the recount case because his Recount Committee raised far fewer funds than that of Bush’s. [C] Texan women are all very proud of having Bush as their president. [D] The Bushies intend to become deadbeat clients because it does no harm to their relationship with law firms. 
4. According to the passage, the Bush Recount Committee ________________. 
[A] spent all the raised money to pay its lawyers. [B] had got most of its funds from individuals. [C] could have raised more money if they hadn’t imposed a cap on individual donations. [D] had to pay the bills of the army for their help in Bush’s election. 
5. We can learn from the last paragraph that _________________. 
[A] The Bush camp also owes electrical power companies and drug manufacturers a lot of money. [B] Richard and his company have invested their legal fees to expand their business. [C] Greenberg Traurig works for electric power companies, drug manufacturers and Internet gambling interests. [D] Law firms don’t want to lose influential clients even if they don’t pay off their legal fees. 
答案：B C A C D
篇章剖析
本文说明文，采用提出问题——分析问题的写作模式。在第一段，作者介绍了Barry Richard，这个帮助布什赢得选举的重要人物。第二段则说明了他和他的法律公司所面临的问题：布什重新计票委员会尚未支付他们的律师费。第三段介绍了布什重新计票委员会的工作及其资金使用情况。第四段则分析说明即使该法律公司收不回律师费，他们仍然需要维持和这种客户的关系。 
词汇注释
quarterback n. [橄榄球] 四分卫；关键人物；智囊 bruising adj. 困难的；令人不快的 mane n. （人的）长头发；鬃毛 Tallahassee n. 塔拉哈西[美国佛罗里达州首府] litigator n. 诉讼律师 GOP Grand Old Party 大老党(美国共和党的别称) paralegal n. 律师的专职助手, 律师帮办 stiff v. [美俚]不肯给 ... 小账, 让...空手而去；失信没给予或供给（担保的或期望的东西） astronomical adj. 庞大无法估计的 bellyache v. 发（不该发的）牢骚，抱怨 nebulous adj. 含糊的，模糊的；暧昧的 bankroll v. 为…提供资金承担（如企业风险）的花费

R 公共关系 (public relation) caterer n. 包办伙食的人; 筹备文娱节目的人 deadbeat n. <俗>赖债不还的人, 游手好闲者 burgeon v. （迅速）成长，发展
难句突破：
1.A nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money, the committee and its chief fund-raiser, Texas oilman (and now Commerce secretary) Don Evans, swiftly collected $8.3 million--more than twice the $3.9 million Al Gore's recount committee raised to pay its lawyers. 
主体句式：the committee and its chief fund-raiser… swiftly collected …
结构分析：本句是个包含同位语和附近说明的长句。a nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money 是委员会的同位语，起到补充说明的作用，而破折号之后的成分也是对句子的补充说明。
句子译文：法律不要求这个性质模糊的机构透露其使用资金的情况。该委员会和它的主要筹资人，得克萨斯州石油商（现商务秘书）唐•伊万斯很快就筹集了830万美元---是艾尔•戈尔重新计票委员会所筹集的390万美元资金的两倍还多，并用这笔钱来支付律师费用。
题目分析：
1. 答案是B，属猜词题。根据上下文，Richard作为诉讼律师为布什在佛罗里达法庭的成功立下了汗马功劳。quarterback原义是橄榄球比赛中的四分卫，是球赛中的关键人物，这里则是指在法庭中为布什效力的辩护律师，是在法庭中胜诉的关键人物。counsel有辩护律师的意义，词义最为接近。
2. 答案是C，属事实细节题。文章第二段提到了布什阵营向Richard的公司拖欠的巨额律师费以及由此引发的抱怨和布什竞选班子的辩解，可见其面临的主要问题是账单未付清的问题。 
3. 答案是A，属推理判断题。这从第二段引用布什竞选班子成员的话：“Yet these guys got huge in-kind contributions to their reputations out of this.”和最后一段that $800,000 could end up being a smart investment两句中可以看出律师事务所和律师们都从其为布什阵营的服务中获益非浅。
4. 答案是C，属推理判断题。文章第三段提到布什重新计票委员会设置了个人捐助的上限（imposed a $5,000 cap on individual donations），并为此后悔。在第三段结尾处讲到在付完各种费用后，他们的资金已经所剩无几（the "kitty ran dry"），由此可以推断出答案C。
5. 答案是D，属推理判断题。从最后一段As for the law firms, they are taking pains not to alienate their deadbeat clients, for fear of damaging their burgeoning Washington lobbying practices.来看，为了华盛顿的业务，律师事务所还不得不拉拢赖账的客户。所以答案D是正确的。
参考译文：
佛罗里达的一份未支付的账单 布什花了八百万美元，但还没有结清律师费
为了帮助乔治•W•布什成为总统，巴里•理查德作了比大多数律师都要多的工作。作为在去年秋天那场难解难分的重新计票风波中布什的法庭辩护律师，这位佛罗里达州塔拉哈西市的诉讼律师成了电视观众熟悉的人物。去年一月他到华盛顿参加布什就职典礼的时候，得到了共和党对待摇滚歌星的待遇。据他的律师合伙人弗莱德•巴格特回忆，在一场舞会中，一位体格壮实的得克萨斯妇女将理查德举了起来，在他脸上重重地吻了一下，并且大声说道：“你成就了我们的总统，我爱你！”
但理查德发现布什们的感激是有限的。在美国最高法院裁定2000年选举最终获胜者四个多月后，他和他的“格林伯格•特里格”公司仍然被拖欠了超过80万美元的法律服务费。他的公司将39名律师和13名律师助手派往全州各地参与法庭辩论，现在和其他十几家公司一样没有收到劳务费。估计拖欠费用总计已经超过了200万美元。据《新闻周刊》了解，现在这种局面已经变得越来越困难。虽然律师们私下对拖延付费颇有微词（理查德说他没有抱怨过），布什的顾问手里还有一大把“天文数字”的账单---包括一位诉讼律师开出的每天超过24小时工作费的账单。“在这里的都是些收入不菲还抱怨个不停的律师。”一位前布什竞选班子的官员说道，“可是这些人还从这项工作中得到了提高他们声望的巨大实惠。”
这些律师应该从布什重新计票委员会那里拿到他们的报酬。该委员会成立于佛罗里达之争开始的时候，其主要工作就是筹集资金。法律不要求这个性质模糊的机构透露其使用资金的情况。该委员会和它的主要筹资人，得克萨斯州石油商（现商务秘书）唐•伊万斯很快就筹集了830万美元---是艾尔•戈尔重新计票委员会所筹集的390万美元资金的两倍还多，并用这笔钱来支付律师费用。为了避免被指控其重新计票工作获得特殊利益集团的资助，布什班子对个人捐款设置5000美元的上限，现在他们正为这种公关姿态后悔不已。在付清了包办伙食人，包租飞机的人以及到佛罗里达“观察”助阵的共和党议员团的帐单之后，“筹集的资金已经所剩无几”，一位知情人说道。
布什阵营说他们想要付清账单。但前竞选顾问本•金斯伯格面对着接手的一团糟局面还没有理出头绪。至于那些法律事务所，他们正在尽力不疏远那些赖账的客户，以免损害他们在华盛顿刚刚起步的院外游说业务。“格林伯格•特里格”公司代表着那些愿意出巨资来接近政策制定者的电力公司，药品制造商和互联网博彩行业。不论理查德及其公司能不能收回法律服务费，那80万美元都是一笔精明的投资。

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-5-18 17:40:17

align=center>Death in the Andes

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A burial site at 22,000 feet is giving scientists the best look yet at grisly Incan sacrificial rites
By modern standards, the hostile summit of Mount Llullaillaco, in the Argentine Andes, is no place for kids. The ancient Inca saw things differently though, and so it was that one day, some 500 years ago, three children ascended the frigid and treacherous upper slopes of the 22,000-ft. peak. The three had spent time at the 17,000-ft. level, taking part in rituals that can only be guessed at. Now, accompanied by a retinue of adults, they moved steadily upward. They would not return. Once at the summit, the children--two girls and a boy, between eight and 15 years old--would be ritually sacrificed and entombed beneath 5 ft. of rocky rubble. They may even have been buried alive.
And there the story might have ended but for the tireless efforts of Johan Reinhard, an independent archaeologist funded by the National Geographic Society. Reinhard's specialty is scaling the Andes in search of sacrificial remains; he had already located 15 bodies, including the famed ice maiden he found in 1995. But these three, whose discovery he announced last week, are by far the most impressive. They were frozen solid within hours of their burial. Two of the bodies are almost perfectly preserved; the third was evidently damaged by lightning. The children's internal organs are not only intact but also still contain blood. Says Craig Morris, an expert on Andean archaeology at New York City's American Museum of Natural History: "It is truly a fantastic discovery."
What makes it so fantastic is not just the bodies themselves, but also the wealth of artifacts that were buried along with them: 36 gold and silver statues, small woven bags, a ceramic vessel, leather sandals, a small llama figure and seashell necklaces. One of the girls, says Reinhard, "has a beautiful yellow, geometrically designed cover laid over her." Her head sports a plume of feathers and a golden mask.
Some of the bodies were provisioned with bundles of food wrapped in alpaca skin, which indicates that the children came from the Incan social elite--not surprising, since only people of high status would have been considered worthy of sacrifice. Little is known about the sacrificial ceremony itself; these objects, along with others found at the lower camp, should tell archaeologists plenty.
The preserved bodies, meanwhile, will give scientists an unprecedented look at Incan physiology. Reinhard and his team took care to pack the children in plastic, snow and insulating foam before hauling them down the mountain, and the Argentine military whisked them off to the nearby town of Salta. There, experts will analyze their stomachs to find out what they ate for their last meal, their organs for clues about their diet and their DNA to try and establish their relationship to other ethnic groups. Reinhard will head back into the mountains. There is no telling how many more bodies remain to be found. By Michael D. Lemonick Time; 04/19/99, Vol. 153 Issue 15, p46, 2p, 2 maps, 2c
注（1）：本文选自Time；04/19/99, p46;
注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象为2002年真题(1、2、4、题模仿text4对应题，第3、5题模仿text3第3、4题);
1. From the first paragraph we learn that ____________.
[A] the summit of Mount Llullaillaco was not hostile in the past [B] ancient Incans used to hold sacrificial rituals on top of the mountain [C] burying children alive was a common practice in ancient Incan society [D] the three children made the mountain climbing by themselves
2. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] Johan Reinhard works with the National Geographic Society. [B] Archaeological discoveries depend on the independent work of archaeologists. [C] The Andes is a treasure for archaeologists in search of sacrificial remains. [D] Andean archaeology focuses on unearthing human bodies.
3. Rehinhard’s discovery shows that _____________.
[A] ancient Incans were masters of body-preservation [B] the children suffered a lot before they were buried [C] Incan children from rich families were often made sacrifices [D] ancient Incans had grasped a high level of craftsmanship
4. Which of the following best defines the word “unprecedented” (line 1, paragraph 5)?
[A] unexampled [B] unusual [C] precious [D] unpredictable
5. We can draw a conclusion from the text that____________.
[A] Johan Reinhard’s discovery will shed light on the study of ancient Incans [B] Reinhard will find a lot more bodies in the future [C] experts can now describe the sacrificial ceremony in detail [D] Argentine military are also interested in archaeological activities
答案：B C D A A
篇章剖析：
本篇文章讲述了安第斯山区的最新考古发现以及这一发现的重大意义。第一段想象了当年印加人参加活人祭祀前后的场景，引出话题；第二段简要介绍考古学家莱茵哈德及他这次发现的三具印加儿童遗体。第三段、第四段描述了同时发现的陪葬品，最后一段则说明这次发现对于考古学家的重要意义。文章层次分明，结构清晰。
词汇注释： Inca n 印加人（古代秘鲁土著人） retinue n.(要人的一批)随行人员, entomb v. 埋葬, 成为...的坟墓 rubble n. 碎石 llama n.骆驼 sport v.夸耀地穿戴； plume n.羽毛 provision v.向... 供应粮食 [必需品] alpaca n.[动](南美的)羊驼, 羊驼毛, 羊驼呢(织物) unprecedented adj.空前的；没有前例的 insulate v.使绝缘, 隔离 whisk v. 快速移动; 快速带走
难句突破：
1. And there the story might have ended but for the tireless efforts of Johan Reinhard, an independent archaeologist funded by the National Geographic Society.
主体句式：the story might have ended there but for …
结构分析：本句中包含有虚拟语气，由but for 引导一个虚拟条件，表示“要不是…”；“might have done”表示本来可能会发生某事，对于这一类由介词或者介词词组引起的虚拟条件，学习者应该特别留心，否则就容易产生理解错误。可以引导虚拟条件的词还有without，otherwise等。
句子译文：要不是约翰•莱茵哈德的不懈努力，故事本来也许到此就结束了。莱茵哈德是一位由国家地理协会资助的独立考古学家。
题目分析：
1. 答案是B，属推理判断题。这一段描述了古印加人把孩子送到山顶祭祀的事情，由此 可见古印加人曾经在山顶举行祭祀仪式。hostile用于环境时通常表达的意思是“不利的，危险的，恶劣的”，山顶的自然环境在过去和现并没有太大差别，因此A项是错误的。作者对于这些孩子的死亡方式用了might一词表示猜测，足见没有确凿的证据证明把孩子活埋是古印加社会常见的活动，所以C项不对。D项是错的，因为文中提到了accompanied by a retinue of adults，说明他们是在成人的护送下登山的。
2. 答案是C，属事实细节题。文中提到Reinhard在安第斯山区搜寻祭祀遗物方面的多项 考古发现，并引用其它考古学家的话说他最近的发现是“fantastic discovery”。文章最后文中第二段对Reinhard的身份说明中指出他是一个受国家地理协会资助的独立考古学家，因此A是错误的。独立考古学家的工作很重要，但不等于考古发现就依赖他们，所以B也是错误的。安第斯考古活动有很多方面的内容，遗体出土只是其中一项，文中也讲到陪葬物品的考古价值，所以D也不对。
3. 答案是D，属推理判断题。由发现的陪葬品，尤其是那个“beautiful yellow, geometrically designed cover”可以看出古代印加人的工艺水平已经相当高了。遗体保存较好主要是由于冰雪的缘故，和印加人保存尸体的技术无关，A是错误的。文中并没有提到这些孩子们在死前的情况，所以B不能成立。文中讲到从陪葬品可以看出孩子们来自上层社会，但不等于“富有家庭的孩子经常成为祭物”，所以C项不对。
4. 答案是A，属猜测词义题。precedent是“先例”的意思，从构词法和上下文可以推知 A为正确答案。
5. 答案是A，属推理判断题。文中第二段最末引用其他科学家的话说这次发现“fantastic”， 在第四段最末又说所发现的物品也将让考古学家对祭祀仪式有更多的了解。最后一段也介绍了科学家们将对这次发现展开研究工作，由此可见，这次发现可以促进对古印加人的研究工作。
参考译文:
按照现代的标准，阿根廷安第斯山区的鲁莱拉克山寒冷的山顶决不是孩子涉足的地方。不过古代印加人对此的看法却大相径庭，所以，大约五百年前的某一天，三个孩子登上了这座海拔22000英尺的山峰上部那严寒而危险的山坡。他们在海拔17000米处停留了一段时间，参加了某些不为人知的仪式。接着，在一群成年人的护送下，他们继续不断向上攀登。对他们来说，这是一条不归之路。一到山顶，这些孩子---两个女孩和一个男孩，年龄在8到15岁之间---就会成为献祭仪式的祭品并会被埋葬在5英尺深的石块下面。他们甚至可能是被活埋的。
要不是约翰•莱茵哈德的不懈努力，故事本来也许到此就结束了。莱茵哈德是一位由国家地理协会资助的独立考古学家，他的专业就是攀登安第斯山，寻找祭祀品的遗迹；他已经发现了15具古人遗体，包括1995年发现的著名的“冰冻女尸”。但他上周宣布发现的这三具遗体是到目前为止最让人难忘的印加人遗体。他们的尸体在被埋葬后数小时就被冻结了。其中两具保存得十分完好，第三具显然受到了闪电的破坏。这些孩子的内部器官不仅完好无损，而且还含有血液。纽约市自然历史博物馆专门从事安第斯考古研究的专家克雷格•莫里斯说：“这的确是一个非同寻常的发现。”
不仅这三具遗体本身，随他们陪葬的众多人工制品也使这次发现的意义非同寻常：36件金银雕像，一些小编织袋，一个陶罐，皮凉鞋，一个小骆驼像和一些贝壳项链。莱茵哈德说其中一个女孩“身上盖着一块很漂亮的，绘有几何图案的黄布套。”她的头部带着羽毛做成的羽饰和一个黄金面具。
有些遗体周围有一包包用羊驮皮裹着的食物，说明这些孩子来自印加的社会精英阶层---这倒也不足为奇，因为只有上层社会的人才被认为有献祭的价值。至于祭祀仪式本身人们所知甚少；这些物品，以及在较低海拔处发现的其他物品可以告诉考古学家很多事情。
此外，这些保存下来的遗体还可以让科学家们头一次看到印加人的生理特点。莱茵哈德和他的考古队用塑料，雪和绝缘泡沫将这些孩子小心的包裹起来，然后才把他们拖下山，阿根廷军队迅速将他们运送到了附近的萨尔塔镇。专家们将在那里分析他们的胃部，以了解他们最后一顿饭吃了些什么，还要分析他们的器官以便找到关于他们的饮食结构和DNA的线索，从而尝试确定他们和其他种族之间的关系。莱茵哈德还会回到山里去。到底还有多少具遗体等待发现目前仍然是个未知数。</DIV></TD></TR></TABLE>

冈仁波齐 发表于 2006-5-20 20:18:17

<DIV class=content>
 Plumper
How does the country’s economy compare with those of the EU?
SOME of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Ministers on December 17th, are economic-in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.
Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, "stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the country reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic programme that will, according to the IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, "help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience".
Resilience has not historically been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by just under 5% in 1999. Indeed, throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram recording a violent heart attack. This irregularity has been one of the main reasons (along with red tape and corruption) why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such investment (as a percentage of GDP) is lower now than it was in the 1980s, and annual inflows have scarcely ever reached $1 billion (whereas Ireland attracted over $25 billion in 2003, as did Brazil in every year from 1998 to 2000).
One deterrent to foreign investors is due to disappear on January 1st 2005. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six noughts will be removed from the face value of the lira; one unit of the local currency will henceforth be worth what 1m are now-ie, about

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